De la Preuve Empirique à la Détermination du Procédé, un Exemple dans les Activités Physiques de Combat, une Application en Kendo Scolaire

National audienceRarely the typical "balance of power" in combat sports is set to "learn to deal with the opponent not as an enemy but as a partner game" and allow "students to be winners in the exchange". The aim of this work is to provide tracks introducing this " balance of power " as a meaning to stimulate the ability of reasoning by showing:i)The tactic "fight only for victory" should be reconsidered.ii)Links between problematic and tactics. Coevolution of techniques (appropriate action suites) and problematic.iii) The evolution of spontaneous processes in invariants methods.146 students in M1 (Master Quality Analysis in Aix -Marseille University), the practice of scholastic kendo can be likened to the study of an unknown system. Understanding this system is set in practice. Combat "with memory" allows us to work from the problematic to the processes. To touch is a found solution (or empirical evidence) that cannot be unnoticed. Solutions found and exchanged allow us to describe rules of actions (processes). Their generalizations allow us to describe the methods. These one can be demonstrated to answer the problematic (here: hitting without being hit). Surveys have shown that this type of training is in line with their expectations.Trop rarement le rapport de force typique des sports de combat est institué pour "apprendre à traiter l'adversaire non comme un ennemi mais comme un partenaire de jeu" et permettre aux "apprenants à être vainqueurs dans l'échange". Le but de ce travail est d'apporter des pistes pour que ce rapport de force puisse être instauré pour stimuler la possibilité de raisonner en montrant :i) Que la tactique "combattre uniquement pour la gagne" est à reconsidérer.ii)Des liens entre problématique et tactique. Une coévolution des techniques (suites d'action adéquates) et de la problématique.iii) Les transformations des processus spontanés en procédés invariants.Pour 146 étudiants en M1 (Master Analyse Qualité à Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université.) la pratique du kendo-scolaire peut s'apparenter à l'étude d'un système inconnu. La compréhension de ce système est mise en pratique. Le combat à mémoire permet de passer de la problématique au procédé : toucher est une solution trouvée (preuve ou procédé empirique) qui ne peut passer inaperçue. Les solutions trouvées et échangées permettent de décrire des règles d'actions. La généralisation de ces dernières permet de décrire les procédés. Ceux-ci peuvent être démontrés pour répondre à la problématique (ici, toucher sans être touché). Les enquêtes ont montré que ce type de formation est en adéquation avec leurs attentes

RÔLE DE L'OCCUPATION DU SOL VIS À VIS DE LA MODÉLISATION DES FLUX ENERGÉTIQUES ET HYDRIQUES EN MILIEU URBAIN ET PÉRIURBAIN

National audienceLe projet Rosenhy vise à étudier l’impact de l’occupation du sol sur la modélisation météorologique et hydrologique en termes de flux énergétiques et hydriques, en milieu urbain et périurbain. Trois sites appartenant aux observatoires français OTHU et ONEVU sont au centre de ce projet. Le quartier urbain hétérogène du Pin sec (Nantes), imperméabilisé à environ 45%, a fait l’objet d’une campagne expérimentale durant le mois de juin 2012, visant à estimer les flux de chaleur sensible et latente avec une haute résolution spatiale et temporelle par rapport aux mesures réalisées en continu sur ce site depuis 5 ans. Deux bassins versant périurbains (La Chézine à Nantes et l’Yzeron à Lyon), avec un taux d’imperméabilisation moins important (environ 10%) mais grandissant depuis plusieurs décennies, sont aussi étudiés. Ces deux derniers sites bénéficient d’un suivi hydrométéorologique depuis 10 ans pour la Chézine et 15 ans pour l’Yzeron. Sur ces trois sites, différentes sources de données d’occupation du sol à différentes résolutions sont disponibles :différentes bases de données géographiques communément utilisées par la communauté scientifique et les collectivités et des données télédétectées (multispectrales et hyperspectrales). L’utilisation de ces données en entrée de différents modèles météorologiques et hydrologiques implique un travail d’analyse et de classification pour adapter les informations aux besoins des modèles. Dans ce projet, les différents modèles adaptés au milieu urbain ou périrubain sont évalués et améliorés. Ainsi, les modèles hydrologiques périrubains sont en développement pour prendre en compte les différentes pratiques de gestion des eaux pluviales existantes (noues, toitures végétalisées, ...). L’utilisation conjointe des données simulées par les différents modèles aidera à déterminer le rôle de la part des surfaces naturelles et artificielles sur les bilans énergétique et hydrique en milieu plus ou moins urbanisé. Le milieu périurbain étant en évolution, le projet s’intéressera aussi à des scénarios d’urbanisation prospectifs en regardant d’une part l’impact de la densification sur les scénarios construits pour l’Yzeron lors du projet AVuPUR (ANR-VMCS, 2008-2011) et d’autre part, en réfléchissant conjointement avec Nantes Métropole, aux possibles voies d’évolution sur le bassin de la Chézine

Assessment of a drag-porosity approach in modeling urban-like turbulent flows

The urban environment quality and citizen's comfort are strongly affected by human activities and urban morphology. Based on the close connection between the urban canopy flow and the atmospheric surface layer, it is very important to understand exchange processes happening above and within the urban canopy. Increasing computational power and using more accurate measurement tools deepen the understanding of atmospheric turbulence. However, turbulent mechanisms involved in urban canopy flows are very complex and their fine description and understanding remain an important scientific challenge. The dynamic properties of the urban flows were studied in literature using numerical simulation such as direct numerical simulations (DNS) and large-eddy simulations (LES) where the urban canopy was modeled by cubical obstacles arrays of varying density. Such simulations are demanding in terms of computational resources, especially for a large domain. For the study of real urban areas, the detailed knowledge of the buildings organization is actually unavailable and a drag-porosity approach may be preferable, as commonly used for forest canopies. The drag-porosity approach models the presence of obstacles and their influence on the turbulent flow by a drag force which depends on averaged morphological characteristics of the canopy. It has the advantage of reducing the computation costs and can be applied for example to generate realistic inflow conditions for studies at the scale of some buildings. However, only few works exist on the use and efficiency of drag-porosity models to represent the turbulent transfers between urban canopies and atmosphere. In this paper, high order statistics, turbulent coherent structures and turbulent kinetic energy budget are computed from an obstacle-resolved simulation and a drag-porosity model simulation. The objective of this paper is to highlight the capacity of the drag-porosity approach to reproduce unsteady turbulent flow over an urban canopy and to evaluate in details its performance. Large eddy simulations of the same urban-like configuration are performed with the open source software OpenFOAM either using a drag-porosity approach or resolving obstacles. The urban canopy is represented by an array of staggered cubical obstacles with a 25% packing density. The Reynolds number based on the top velocity and cube height (h) is 5000. The computational domain is Lx - Ly - Lz = 16h - 12h - 8h. Periodic boundary conditions are imposed in horizontal directions, a free slip condition is set on the top of the domain and no-slip boundary conditions are applied on the bottom of the domain and on all obstacle surfaces for the resolved simulation. The resolved domain has around 22 million cells with a minimum resolution of h/32 around the cubes whereas the porous domain as 1.6 million cells with a minimum cell size of h/8. High order statistics, turbulent coherent structures and turbulent kinetic energy budget are computed from instantaneous results of obstacle-resolved simulation and drag-porosity model simulation. First results show that the mean velocity profiles obtained by the two approaches are in good agreement to each other and to the data from literature. Higher order statistics are also comparable, but differences are observed in several variables such as the turbulent length scales. This work aims at describing and analyzing precisely the differences observed in turbulence characteristics that may be responsible for the transfers between urban canopy and atmosphere

Dynamics of the flow inside an urban canopy : Study of the flow in the vicinity of a cube immersed in a thick turbulent boundary layer

Understanding atmospheric flows in urban areas is of primary importance in the context of urban densification of the worldwide population. While the flow inside an urban-type roughness has been described statistically (MacDonald 2000), its dynamics has never been fully addressed. From a purely aerodynamic point of view, the flow inside an urban canopy can be seen as the flow developing around three-dimensional obstacles (induced by the buildings geometry) immersed into a high Reynolds number, rough boundary layer flow (the atmospheric surface layer), with complex interactions (Blackman and Perret 2013).   Despite the very large range of building size, shape, or spatial arrangement in real-life built areas, the simplified canopy consisting of a regular array of cubes is now widely accepted as a canonical representation. Several contributions investigating the turbulent flow around a single wall-mounted cube can be found in the literature (Martinuzzi and Tropea, 1993 ; Sousa 2002) and are a good starting point to understand the dynamics inside such a canopy. Further insight is given by obstacle-resolving LES or DNS of turbulent boundary layers developing over an array of cubes (Coceal et al 2007 ; Anderson 2016) : the interaction of multiple cube wakes can be addressed, and the four-dimensional nature of numerical data is invaluable to study the dynamics of the flow. However, the limitation to moderate Reynolds numbers and small boundary layer thickness (?) to cube height (h) ratio does not allow a faithful reproduction of the very large scale motions originating from the outer flow. Wind-tunnel modeling offers a better physical representation of the different turbulent scales in an atmospheric boundary layer. Due to the tight clearance and high complexity of the flow, measurements within the canopy are not straightforward, and relatively little time-resolved experimental data can be found. In that perspective, the work from Castro's group (Castro et al 2006) using Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) is a major step forward to study the flow dynamics in this region.   In the present contribution, the dynamics of the flow inside an urban canopy consisting of a regular, staggered array of cubes with a 25% density is investigated using two unique experimental and numerical datasets. The experimental one has been obtained using 2C-LDA in the atmospheric wind-tunnel at LHEEA, Nantes, at a high Reynolds number (h+=1230 and ?+=24000), with a ratio ?/h=19.5 large enough for engineering applications. The dynamics of the flow is recorded at 16 positions within the canopy, distributed at three altitudes with respect to the cube height : z=0.25h, 0.5h and 1h, and at longitudinal/spanwise positions representative of the canopy pattern (P1, P2, P3 as defined by Castro) as well as additional points chosen to study the flow dynamics in the vicinity of a cube. The numerical dataset consists of an obstacle resolving LES simulation at h+=500 computed with the open-source software OpenFOAM. The characteristics of the simulation are similar to the DNS of Coceal et al (2007), and gives access to 3 dimensional data with a good spatial resolution of the flow around the building (?=h/32).   Using moments up to the 4th order, the statistical picture of the flow within the canopy is first analyzed and assessed against existing data in the literature. Taking advantage of the good temporal resolution of both experimental and numerical data, we then focus our analysis on the dynamics of the flow in the vicinity of a cube. A detailed temporal spectral analysis is carried out on the LDA and LES data to extract quantitative information; in particular, it is checked whether the vortex shedding typically observed on the sides of an isolated cube is still present inside the canopy

Cold atoms in space: community workshop summary and proposed road-map

We summarise the discussions at a virtual Community Workshop on Cold Atoms in Space concerning the status of cold atom technologies, the prospective scientific and societal opportunities offered by their deployment in space, and the developments needed before cold atoms could be operated in space. The cold atom technologies discussed include atomic clocks, quantum gravimeters and accelerometers, and atom interferometers. Prospective applications include metrology, geodesy and measurement of terrestrial mass change due to, e.g., climate change, and fundamental science experiments such as tests of the equivalence principle, searches for dark matter, measurements of gravitational waves and tests of quantum mechanics. We review the current status of cold atom technologies and outline the requirements for their space qualification, including the development paths and the corresponding technical milestones, and identifying possible pathfinder missions to pave the way for missions to exploit the full potential of cold atoms in space. Finally, we present a first draft of a possible road-map for achieving these goals, that we propose for discussion by the interested cold atom, Earth Observation, fundamental physics and other prospective scientific user communities, together with the European Space Agency (ESA) and national space and research funding agencies

Cold atoms in space: community workshop summary and proposed road-map

We summarise the discussions at a virtual Community Workshop on Cold Atoms in Space concerning the status of cold atom technologies, the prospective scientific and societal opportunities offered by their deployment in space, and the developments needed before cold atoms could be operated in space. The cold atom technologies discussed include atomic clocks, quantum gravimeters and accelerometers, and atom interferometers. Prospective applications include metrology, geodesy and measurement of terrestrial mass change due to, e.g., climate change, and fundamental science experiments such as tests of the equivalence principle, searches for dark matter, measurements of gravitational waves and tests of quantum mechanics. We review the current status of cold atom technologies and outline the requirements for their space qualification, including the development paths and the corresponding technical milestones, and identifying possible pathfinder missions to pave the way for missions to exploit the full potential of cold atoms in space. Finally, we present a first draft of a possible road-map for achieving these goals, that we propose for discussion by the interested cold atom, Earth Observation, fundamental physics and other prospective scientific user communities, together with the European Space Agency (ESA) and national space and research funding agencies.publishedVersio

Cold atoms in space: community workshop summary and proposed road-map

We summarise the discussions at a virtual Community Workshop on Cold Atoms in Space concerning the status of cold atom technologies, the prospective scientific and societal opportunities offered by their deployment in space, and the developments needed before cold atoms could be operated in space. The cold atom technologies discussed include atomic clocks, quantum gravimeters and accelerometers, and atom interferometers. Prospective applications include metrology, geodesy and measurement of terrestrial mass change due to, e.g., climate change, and fundamental science experiments such as tests of the equivalence principle, searches for dark matter, measurements of gravitational waves and tests of quantum mechanics. We review the current status of cold atom technologies and outline the requirements for their space qualification, including the development paths and the corresponding technical milestones, and identifying possible pathfinder missions to pave the way for missions to exploit the full potential of cold atoms in space. Finally, we present a first draft of a possible road-map for achieving these goals, that we propose for discussion by the interested cold atom, Earth Observation, fundamental physics and other prospective scientific user communities, together with the European Space Agency (ESA) and national space and research funding agencies

Analyse de l’utilisation d’une activité sportive dans l’apprentissage des démarches qualité en master. Le point de vue des étudiants impliqués.

International audienceToday, the implementation and control of management systems are integrated into the functioning of organizations and require actors able to have a global vision of these organizations, to bring their knowledge to the strategic level, to set up performance measurement systems and to present their results, while leading the process at the operational level. The need for graduates to have acquired these skills beyond those more specific to the job of Quality Manager has led the pedagogical team of the Master Quality of Aix Marseille University to adopt a systemic approach and to insert a personal development module into its curriculum.In this context, an educational system based on an adapted sporting practice of kendo (fencing where the weapon is held with both hands), has been integrated. The aim is to raise awareness and develop skills that students should reuse in other more theoretical modules.Based on the analysis of rational facts (touching the opponent with his weapon), the need to plan actions to achieve an objective emerges (touching the opponent requires a specific organization) and allows a comparison with quality tools (here PDCA). The approach allows students to reconstruct through analysis/reflection the functioning and organization of a unknown system to them: that of this fencing.Annual satisfaction surveys and student work show that this goal has been achieved. They underline the value of exchanges and cooperation but also the usability of the learning achieved in the overall context of their training, and in particular on the safety aspect.Beyond the use of sports practices to develop cohesion and understanding in a group, our objective is also to enable the transfer of skills acquired through sports practice to quality management, project management and safety management skills.Aujourd’hui la mise en place et la maîtrise de systèmes de management sont intégrés au fonctionnement des organisations et nécessitent des acteurs en mesure d’avoir une vision globale de ces organisations, d’apporter leurs connaissances au niveau stratégique, de mettre en place les dispositifs de mesure des performances et d’en présenter les résultats, tout en animant la démarche au niveau opérationnel. La nécessité pour les diplômés d’avoir acquis ces compétences au-delà de celles plus spécifiques du métier de responsable QHSE a conduit l’équipe pédagogique du Master Qualité d’Aix Marseille Université à adopter une approche systémique et à insérer dans son programme un module de développement personnel.Dans ce cadre, un dispositif pédagogique basé sur une pratique sportive adaptée du kendo (escrime où l’arme est tenue à deux mains), a été intégré. L'objet est de favoriser les prises de conscience et de développer des compétences que les étudiants doivent réutiliser dans d'autres modules plus théoriques.En s'appuyant sur l'analyse de faits rationnels (toucher l’opposant avec son arme), la nécessité de planifier les actions pour atteindre un objectif émerge (toucher l’opposant nécessite une organisation spécifique) et permet un rapprochement avec des outils de la qualité (ici PDCA). La démarche permet aux étudiants de reconstruire par analyses/réflexions le fonctionnement et l’organisation d’un système inconnu pour eux : celui de cette escrime.Les enquêtes de satisfaction menées annuellement et les travaux rendus par les étudiants montrent que ce but est atteint. Ils soulignent l'intérêt des échanges et de la coopération mais aussi l'utilisabilité des apprentissages réalisés dans le contexte global de leur formation, et notamment sur l’aspect sécurité.Au-delà de l’utilisation de pratiques sportives pour développer la cohésion et la compréhension dans un groupe, notre objectif est aussi de permettre le transfert de compétences acquises par la pratique sportive vers des compétences en management de la qualité, en management de projet et en management de la sécurité

Des petites cascades d'innovation vers de profonds changements : apport de l'intelligence artificielle aux pédagogies actives

International audienceSince 2017, the QHSe master's degree has organized 72% of its teaching in project and problem-based learning. This has been for all, students, teachers, lecturers and administrative staff a bath of pedagogical innovations. Within these innovations two integration weeks have been kept. One of them is based on a sports activity, kendo. The students acquire sports skills, relational skills (working together, exchanging technical and strategic solutions), but also skills on the analysis of an activity in an unknown environment. Their reflections allow for an innovative pedagogical path and the design of activity flowcharts. These are reconstructed in binary flowcharts and production rules to be used in an expert system whose "consultation" mode allows an awareness of artificial intelligence and a verification of the production rules.Depuis 2017, le master QHSe organise 72% de son enseignement en apprentissages par projets et problèmes. Ce fut pour tous, étudiants, enseignants, intervenants et administratifs un bain d'innovations pédagogiques. Au-delà de ces innovations deux semaines d'intégration ont été conservées pour leur caractère formateur notamment en matière de savoir être. L'une d'elles a pour support une activité sportive, le kendo. Les étudiants y acquièrent des compétences sportives, des compétences relationnelles (travail en collaboration, échanges de solutions techniques et stratégiques), mais aussi des compétences sur l'analyse d'une activité dans un milieu inconnu. Leurs réflexions permettent un cheminement pédagogique novateur et de concevoir des logigrammes de l'activité. Ces derniers sont reconstruits en logigrammes binaires et règles de production pour être utilisées dans un système expert dont le mode "consultation" permet une sensibilisation à l'intelligence artificielle et une vérification des règles de production