Advanced glycoxidation and lipoxidation end products (AGEs and ALEs): an overview of their mechanisms of formation

Advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have a pathogenetic role in the development and progression of different oxidative-based diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis, and neurological disorders. AGEs and ALEs represent a quite complex class of compounds that are formed by different mechanisms, by heterogeneous precursors and that can be formed either exogenously or endogenously. There is a wide interest in AGEs and ALEs involving different aspects of research which are essentially focused on set-up and application of analytical strategies (1) to identify, characterize, and quantify AGEs and ALEs in different pathophysiological conditions ; (2) to elucidate the molecular basis of their biological effects ; and (3) to discover compounds able to inhibit AGEs/ALEs damaging effects not only as biological tools aimed at validating AGEs/ALEs as drug target, but also as promising drugs. All the above-mentioned research stages require a clear picture of the chemical formation of AGEs/ALEs but this is not simple, due to the complex and heterogeneous pathways, involving different precursors and mechanisms. In view of this intricate scenario, the aim of the present review is to group the main AGEs and ALEs and to describe, for each of them, the precursors and mechanisms of formation

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ ХАОТИЧНОГО СТРУМУ ЕЛЕКТРОНІВ НА ПАРАМЕТРИ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНОГО ПОЛЯ У ПРИАНОДНІЙ ЗОНІ РОЗРЯДУ

The influence of the ratio of the discharge density and chaotic electronic currents on the potential drop in the diffusion zone near the anode was considered. The analysis of the influence of forced convection on the conditions of existence of a stable diffuse discharge on the anode surface was performedРассмотрено влияние соотношения плотности разрядного и хаотического электронных токов на падение потенциала в диффузионной зоне прианодной области. Выполнен анализ влияния вынужденной конвекции на условия существования устойчивого диффузного разряда на поверхности анода.Розглянуто вплив співвідношення густини розрядного та хаотичного електронних струмів на падіння потенціалу у дифузійній зоні прианодної області. Виконано аналіз впливу вимушеної конвекції на умови існування стійкого дифузного розряду на поверхні анода

Polyurethane composite adsorbent using solid phase extraction method for preconcentration of metal ion from aqueous solution

Polyurethane composite adsorbent polymeric material was prepared and investigated for selected solid-phase extraction for metal ions, prior to its determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The surface characterisation was done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The separation and preconcentration conditions of the analytes investigated includes influence of pH, sample loading flow rate, elution flow rate, type and concentration of eluents. The optimum pH for the highest efficient recoveries for all metal ions, which ranged from 70 to 85 %, is pH 7. The metal ions were quantitatively eluted with 5 mL of 2 mol/L HNO3. Common coexisting ions did not interfere with the separation. The percentage recovery of the metal ions ranged between 70 and 89 %, while the results for the limit of detection and limit of quantification ranged from 0.249 to 0.256 and 0.831 to 0.855, respectively. The experimental tests showed good preconcentration results of trace levels of metal ions using synthesised polyurethane polymer adsorbent composite