Transformation of the readings of violence in Colombia

Colombia has not been indifferent to the use of violence by the armed actors and those who are subject to it. Any company aimed to characterize the Colombian armed conflict is not immune from controversy whether for the approach it uses, the prevalence of some facts over others or for the political interpretation of the events. Different readings of the armed conflict respond to a context and a reality determined by the vicissitudes of political, economic and social interests of each of the confronted parties (and of the society in general). They create a necessary framework to understand the analytic evolution of the armed conflict approach in regards to the treatment of the involved actors and to the policies designed to its intervention.Colombia no ha sido ajena a las variaciones en el uso de la violencia por parte de los actores armados y los depositarios de la misma. Cualquier empresa encaminada a caracterizar el conflicto armado colombiano no se encuentra exenta de controversias, sean por el enfoque utilizado, la preponderancia de unos hechos sobre otros o la lectura política que se le impregne a los fenómenos acaecidos. Las distintas lecturas del conflicto armado responden a un contexto y una realidad determinada por los avatares propios de los intereses políticos, económicos y sociales de las partes en confrontación y de la sociedad en general y constituyen un marco de referencia necesario para comprender la evolución analítica generada en torno al abordaje del conflicto armado respecto al tratamiento de los actores involucrados y a las políticas abocadas para su intervención

A Sexualidade na Deficiência Mental

A questão da sexualidade na deficiência mental é pouco discutida e permeada de preconceitos, mitos e tabus. Aspessoas com deficiência mental possuem conhecimentos precários a respeito da sua sexualidade, experiênciaslimitadas e são, muitas vezes, privadas de um acesso efectivo a uma educação sexual adequada. O objectivo desteartigo é perceber quais são os conhecimentos, necessidades e sentimentos de pessoas com deficiência mental,diante da sua sexualidade. Da análise qualitativa dos dados das entrevistas realizadas a alunos com deficiênciamental concluímos que os seus conhecimentos em matéria de sexualidade são insuficientes e incorrectos. Por estarazão apresentamos uma proposta de um programa de Educação Sexual para ser implementado no ensino regulara alunos com Deficiência Mental.The issue of sexuality in the mental retardation is rarely discussed and full of prejudices, myths and taboos.People with intellectual disabilities have poor knowledge about their sexuality, limited experience and are oftendeprived of effective access to adequate sex education. The aim of this paper is to understand what are theknowledge, needs and feelings of people with mental disability towards their sexuality. The qualitative analysis ofdata from interviews with students with mental Disability concluded that their knowledge in matters of sexualityis inadequate and inaccurate. For this reason we present a proposal of a sexual education program to beimplemented in regular education for students with intellectual disabilities.La Sexualité dans la déficience mentaleLa question de la sexualité dans la déficience mentale est peu discutée et lourde de préjugés, mythes et tabous. Lespersonnes ayant une déficience mentale ont une mauvaise connaissance de leur sexualité, des expériences limitéeset sont souvent privés d’un accès effectif à une éducation sexuelle appropriée. Le but de cette étude est decomprendre quelles sont les connaissances, les besoins et sentiments des personnes handicapées mentales en facede sa sexualité. De l'analyse qualitative des données provenant d'entrevues avec des élèves ayant une déficiencementale, nous avons conclu que leurs connaissances en matière de sexualité sont insuffisantes et inexactes. Pourcette raison, nous proposons un programme d'éducation sexuelle à mettre en œuvre dans l'enseignementordinaire pour les étudiants ayant une déficience mentale

Recommendation on Summer energy efficiency on national building codes

The building regulations have a major role in controlling and limiting the energy consumption of the building sector. The Thermal Building Regulations of the European countries although had followed the EPBD Directive in what concerns the methodologies, differs on the re-quirements and recommendations on summer comfort and energy consumption for cooling, due to the particular conditions of each country. A review of the national building codes concerning envelope constructive solutions (opaque and transparent), thermal mass, ventilation rates, energy consumption methodology and correspondent values limits has been undertaken for the participating countries of the Keep-Cool II Project and, was extended to other countries, by consulting building codes, technical reports concerning energy use in buildings and by direct contacts with colleagues. The goal of this analysis consists on put in evidence the different strategies adopted and try to share and to supply information and experiences in so far as, the energy demand for cooling in European buildings is the energy use in the building sector with high increase rate among the other energy uses. In fact, cooling can be avoided or significantly reduced, with-out risking summer thermal comfort, by means of mature passive cooling solutions, renew-able energy sources and reducing internal heat gains. This present report summarizes, in Chapter 1, the information that has been compiled from questionnaire answers of partners of the Keep Cool II Project: Austria, France, Italy, German, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden and United Kingdom. Chapter 2 summarizes de final remarks and conclusions of the building regulations related to summer comfort and energy for cooling in or order to contribute for the dissemination activi-ties. In the Annexes are the questionnaire (Annex A) and the systematized replies to the ques-tionnaire in a comparative form (Annex B), In the Annex C is the name of the experts that have answered to the questionnaire by country and institution. A review of the national build-ing codes for other European countries is presented In the Annex D: Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia Republic, Spain

Decentralization of public policies for the promotion of firms’ internationalization. A proposal.

Despite the extensive investigation regarding decentralization, the role of local governments in promoting firms’ internationalization doesn’t seem to have received adequate attention from literature, neither from the area of regional science nor from studies of international business. The present work intends to overpass this gap, establishing a bridge on the review of the literature about firms’ internationalization, decentralization and internationalization promotion policies. The study focuses on Portugal, a not very explored country from the scientific point of view, where small and medium firms represent the most part of the entrepreneurial reality and their internationalization is presented as a solution to fight the economic crisis and where decentralization is a process that still requires more deepening. Analyzing, based on direct enquiries, the involvement of Portuguese municipalities in activities promoting economic development and/or internationalization of local firms and the firms’ evaluation of these activities, the aim of this research is to rethink internationalization promotion policies on a territorial/local basis. This study will gather evidence that will allow assessing whether municipalities can also play an active role on the promotion of local enterprises on the global market.Decentralization, Local policy, Exportation, Firms

Trabajo en equipos en el aula de matemáticas y Lineamientos Curriculares: un matrimonio feliz

Se presenta una propuesta, para un taller de dos sesiones, sobre el trabajo en equipo como una opción para el aprendizaje en el aula de matemáticas, la cual complementa y apoya los planteamientos hechos en los lineamientos curriculares, particularmente los que se refieren a los procesos generales como: razonamiento, resolución y planteamiento de problemas; comunicación; modelación; y elaboración, comparación y ejercitación de procedimientos. La cual esta basada en el fascículo Resolución de problemas y aprendizaje en equipos: una perspectiva desde la Educación Matemática, preparado para el diplomado que la fundación Fedespegue ofrecerá a los profesores interesados en el trabajo en equipo, para el 2008

Dynamic Characteristics of Woodframe Buildings

The dynamic properties of wood shearwall buildings were evaluated, such as modal frequencies, damping and mode shapes of the structures. Through analysis of recorded earthquake response and by forced vibration testing, a database of periods and damping ratios of woodframe buildings was developed. Modal identification was performed on strong-motion records obtained from five buildings, and forced vibration tests were performed on a two-story house and a three-story apartment building, among others. A regression analysis is performed on the database to obtain a period formula specific for woodframe buildings. It should be noted that all test results, including the seismic data, are at small drift ratios (less than 0.1%), and the periods would be significantly longer for stronger shaking of these structures. Despite these low amplitudes, the equivalent viscous dampings for the fundamental modes were usually more than 10% of critical during earthquake shaking

Qué y para qué de la modelación matemática: posibilidades y desafíos

En este taller pretendemos, a través de la reflexión y análisis de tres situaciones, estudiar posibilidades y desafíos de crear ambientes de modelación matemática en aulas bogotanas de educación básica y media. En la primera situación se conversará con los participantes del taller sobre los intereses sociales, culturales y políticos que se ponen en juego en un determinado modelo matemático. En el segundo momento, se buscará que los asistentes propongan un modelo para dar solución a una situación determinada, buscando que puedan dar cuenta de las consideraciones que tuvieron para construirlo. Finalmente se hará énfasis en la importancia de que los ambientes de modelación posibiliten a los estudiantes/ciudadanos tomar una distancia crítica soportados en las matemáticas, para así asumir una competencia ciudadana con una actitud reflexiva frente a los hechos sociales, culturales y político

O reforço do turismo como setor estruturante em Évora

Sendo inquestionável a atração turística que a cidade de Évora e, em particular, o seu centro histórico de há muito exerce, o presente estudo procura refletir sobre a forma como, ao longo dos últimos 30 anos, o setor do turismo, quer como atividade económica, quer em termos da estrutura funcional urbana, tem reforçado o seu peso, relativo e absoluto, como setor estruturante na cidade. Nesse sentido, e tendo presente, por um lado o conjunto dos elementos patrimoniais e monumentais da cidade e, por outro, a sua evolução demográfica recente, procedeu-se a uma avaliação da ocorrência e distribuição das funções urbanas mais interligadas com o setor do turismo no período entre 1985 (antes da classificação do Centro Histórico de Évora como Património Mundial) e 2014, tendo 2012 como data de referência intercalar, por marcar o evidente reflexo na situação atual dos constrangimentos económicos e financeiros. No final, procura-se evidenciar algumas perspetivas sobre o que, para a área temática em análise, se pode esperar para a sua evolução nos próximos anos