Chemical composition, metabolizable energy and digestible amino acids values of rice by-products for broilers

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para determinar a composição química, os valores de energia e os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos aminoácidos, do farelo de arroz integral (FAI) e da quirera de arroz (QA). No primeiro estudo, foram utilizadas 144 aves, com 21 dias de idade, machos, linhagem Cobb, que tiveram suas excretas totalmente coletadas para determinação da energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida (EMAn). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e seis repetições, com oito aves cada. No segundo experimento, foi utilizado o método de alimentação forçada para a determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade dos aminoácidos. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com dois alimentos e um jejum e seis repetições com um galo cada. Os valores de MS, PB, EE, FB, EMA e EMAn foram, respectivamente, para FAI: 88,6%; 11,8%; 15,3%; 10,2%; 2968kcal kg-1 e 2804kcal kg-1 e para QA: 93,5%; 9,1%; 0,73%; 0,45%; 3338kcal kg-1 e 3239kcal kg-1. Os valores médios encontrados dos coeficientes de digestibilidade de aminoácidos essenciais e não essenciais foram, respectivamente, de 75,9% e 73,9%, para FAI, e 77,9% e 76,5%, para QA. Embora tenham apresentado níveis inferiores de energia, FAI e a QA podem ser utilizados nas rações de aves em substituição ao milho, uma vez que tiveram níveis maiores de proteína bruta e aminoácidos digestíveis.Two experiments were conducted to determine the chemical composition, energy and the digestibility coefficients of the amino acids of the whole rice meal (WRM) and broken rice (BR). In the first trial, one hundred forty four broilers, 21 days of age, male, of Cobb strain had their excreta totally collected in order to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn). The experimental design was completely randomized, with three treatments and six replicates with eight birds each one. In the second trial, it was used the forced feeding method with cecectomized cockerels to determine the digestibility coefficients of the amino acids. The design was entirely randomized, with two feeds and one fasting and six replicates with one bird each one. The values of DM, CP, EE, CF, AME and AMEn were, respectively, to WRM: 88.6%; 11.8%; 15.3%; 10.2%; 2968kcal kg-1 and 2804kcal kg-1 and to BR: 93.5%; 9.1%; 0.73%; 0.45%; 3338kcal kg-1 and 3239kcal kg-1. The average values of digestibility coefficients of essential and non-essential amino acids were, respectively, 75.9% and 73.9% to WRM and 77.9% and 76.5% to BR. The WRM and the BR can be used in the diets of broilers in substitution to the corn, however showed lower metabolizable energy levels, had higher levels of crude protein and digestible amino acid

Performance and carcass yield of broilers fed diets containing rice by-products, formulated based on crude and ideal protein concepts

Foi conduzido um experimento para avaliar a utilização de subprodutos do arroz em dietas formuladas com base nos conceitos de proteína bruta e ideal para frangos de corte de 1 a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 720 pintos machos de 1 dia de idade da linhagem "Hybro", em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 × 2, composto de três dietas (sem subprodutos, farelo de arroz integral e quirera de arroz) e dois conceitos de formulação de rações (proteína bruta e ideal), totalizando seis tratamentos e quatro repetições de 30 aves. O ganho de peso, o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar foram avaliados aos 21 e 42 dias e as características de carcaça aos 42 dias de idade. As aves alimentadas com dietas formuladas pelo conceito tradicional (baseado na proteína bruta) apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar e menor taxa de deposição de gordura abdominal.One experiment was conducted to evaluate the utilization of rice by-products in diets based on crude and ideal protein concepts for broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. Seven hundred and twenty male chicks, one day old, Hybro strain, were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangment, three diets (without by-product, whole rice meal and broken rice) and two ration formulation concepts (crude and ideal protein), totalizing six treatments and four replications of 30 birds. Weight gain, feed intake and feed:gain ratio were evaluated at 21 and 42 days, and carcass characteristics at 42 days of age. In conclusion, birds fed diets formulated by the traditional concept (based on crude protein) showed better feed:gain ratio and lower deposition rate of abdominal fat.Fapes

As políticas públicas e seus resultados no combate ao trabalho infantil no Brasil

Este trabalho visa analisar e expor os resultados das políticas públicas para erradicar o trabalho infantil no Brasil, para tanto, apresenta um breve histórico dos princípios envolvidos no trabalho infantil e conceitua as formas com que se apresenta. O trabalho identifica e lista os órgãos envolvidos na busca da erradicação do trabalho infantil no Brasil e apresenta os resultados das políticas públicas atuais. Para o estudo e discussão dos conceitos e princípios, e identificação da realidade brasileira sobre as formas de trabalho infantil, procedeu-se uma pesquisa documental dos principais agentes atuantes no combate ao trabalho infantil no Brasil, consultando suas estatísticas mais atualizadas e analisando-as para estabelecer se as medidas atuais são suficientes para alcançar a erradicação do trabalho infantil no Brasil. O trabalho conclui que, apesar de todos os esforços, os resultados ainda apontam que estamos longe de conseguir erradicar o trabalho infantil no Brasil e que a existência de legislação ou a tutela do judiciário não são suficientes, sendo essencial a participação da sociedade e da mídia no combate ao problema, visto que uma das principais dificuldades no combate ao trabalho infantil é a fiscalização. A autora entende que é importante discutir o trabalho infantil e que o leitor, com os conhecimentos apresentados, terá boas condições de posicionar-se sobre o assunto e de cooperar para a sua erradicação

Evolutionary history of exon shuffling

Exon shuffling has been characterized as one of the major evolutionary forces shaping both the genome and the proteome of eukaryotes. This mechanism was particularly important in the creation of multidomain proteins during animal evolution, bringing a number of functional genetic novelties. Here, genome information from a variety of eukaryotic species was used to address several issues related to the evolutionary history of exon shuffling. By comparing all protein sequences within each species, we were able to characterize exon shuffling signatures throughout metazoans. Intron phase (the position of the intron regarding the codon) and exon symmetry (the pattern of flanking introns for a given exon or block of adjacent exons) were features used to evaluate exon shuffling. We confirmed previous observations that exon shuffling mediated by phase 1 introns (1-1 exon shuffling) is the predominant kind in multicellular animals. Evidence is provided that such pattern was achieved since the early steps of animal evolution, supported by a detectable presence of 1-1 shuffling units in Trichoplax adhaerens and a considerable prevalence of them in Nematostella vectensis. In contrast, Monosiga brevicollis, one of the closest relatives of metazoans, and Arabidopsis thaliana, showed no evidence of 1-1 exon or domain shuffling above what it would be expected by chance. Instead, exon shuffling events are less abundant and predominantly mediated by phase 0 introns (0-0 exon shuffling) in those non-metazoan species. Moreover, an intermediate pattern of 1-1 and 0-0 exon shuffling was observed for the placozoan T. adhaerens, a primitive animal. Finally, characterization of flanking intron phases around domain borders allowed us to identify a common set of symmetric 1-1 domains that have been shuffled throughout the metazoan lineage

The role of exon shuffling in shaping protein-protein interaction networks

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Physical protein-protein interaction (PPI) is a critical phenomenon for the function of most proteins in living organisms and a significant fraction of PPIs are the result of domain-domain interactions. Exon shuffling, intron-mediated recombination of exons from existing genes, is known to have been a major mechanism of domain shuffling in metazoans. Thus, we hypothesized that exon shuffling could have a significant influence in shaping the topology of PPI networks.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We tested our hypothesis by compiling exon shuffling and PPI data from six eukaryotic species: <it>Homo sapiens</it>, <it>Mus musculus</it>, <it>Drosophila melanogaster</it>, <it>Caenorhabditis elegans</it>, <it>Cryptococcus neoformans</it> and <it>Arabidopsis thaliana</it>. For all four metazoan species, genes enriched in exon shuffling events presented on average higher vertex degree (number of interacting partners) in PPI networks. Furthermore, we verified that a set of protein domains that are simultaneously promiscuous (known to interact to multiple types of other domains), self-interacting (able to interact with another copy of themselves) and abundant in the genomes presents a stronger signal for exon shuffling.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Exon shuffling appears to have been a recurrent mechanism for the emergence of new PPIs along metazoan evolution. In metazoan genomes, exon shuffling also promoted the expansion of some protein domains. We speculate that their promiscuous and self-interacting properties may have been decisive for that expansion.</p

A non-cardiomyocyte autonomous mechanism of cardioprotection involving the SLO1 BK channel

Opening of BK-type Ca2+ activated K+ channels protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. However, the location of BK channels responsible for cardioprotection is debated. Herein we confirmed that openers of the SLO1 BK channel, NS1619 and NS11021, were protective in a mouse perfused heart model of IR injury. As anticipated, deletion of the Slo1 gene blocked this protection. However, in an isolated cardiomyocyte model of IR injury, protection by NS1619 and NS11021 was insensitive to Slo1 deletion. These data suggest that protection in intact hearts occurs by a non-cardiomyocyte autonomous, SLO1-dependent, mechanism. In this regard, an in-situ assay of intrinsic cardiac neuronal function (tachycardic response to nicotine) revealed that NS1619 preserved cardiac neurons following IR injury. Furthermore, blockade of synaptic transmission by hexamethonium suppressed cardioprotection by NS1619 in intact hearts. These results suggest that opening SLO1 protects the heart during IR injury, via a mechanism that involves intrinsic cardiac neurons. Cardiac neuronal ion channels may be useful therapeutic targets for eliciting cardioprotection

DESEMPENHO, RENDIMENTO DE CARCAÇA E pH CECAL DE COELHOS EM CRESCIMENTO ALIMENTADOS COM DIETAS CONTENDO NÍVEIS DE PROBIÓTICO

O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça e o pH cecal de coelhos em crescimento alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de probiótico composto por Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Streptococcus salivarium, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus subtillis, B. toyoi e Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Foram utilizados 48 coelhos Nova Zelândia Branco num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os coelhos foram desmamados aos 35 dias e abatidos aos 85 dias de idade. Os níveis de probiótico dietético avaliados foram 0,00%, 0,01%, 0,02% e 0,03%. Não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) em decorrência da inclusão do probiótico na dieta dos animais sobre o desempenho, rendimento e pH cecal, com vistas a uma melhoria nos índices zootécnicos desses animais. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Aditivos, bactérias, microrganismos

SLO-2 Is Cytoprotective and Contributes to Mitochondrial Potassium Transport

Mitochondrial potassium channels are important mediators of cell protection against stress. The mitochondrial large-conductance “big” K+ channel (mBK) mediates the evolutionarily-conserved process of anesthetic preconditioning (APC), wherein exposure to volatile anesthetics initiates protection against ischemic injury. Despite the role of the mBK in cardioprotection, the molecular identity of the channel remains unknown. We investigated the attributes of the mBK using C. elegans and mouse genetic models coupled with measurements of mitochondrial K+ transport and APC. The canonical Ca2+-activated BK (or “maxi-K”) channel SLO1 was dispensable for both mitochondrial K+ transport and APC in both organisms. Instead, we found that the related but physiologically-distinct K+ channel SLO2 was required, and that SLO2-dependent mitochondrial K+ transport was triggered directly by volatile anesthetics. In addition, a SLO2 channel activator mimicked the protective effects of volatile anesthetics. These findings suggest that SLO2 contributes to protection from hypoxic injury by increasing the permeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane to K+