Les services d'eau potable et d'assainissement face aux exigences du développement durable : traduire les concepts en outils

Le concept de développement durable, désormais largement utilisé, fait l'objet de nombreuses définitions. Cette élasticité conceptuelle rend difficile sa traduction pratique. L'objet de cet article est de proposer une définition du développement durable appliquée spécifiquement aux services d'eau potable et d'assainissement, puis de traduire ce concept en principes et en outil opérationnel. Cet outil se présente sous la forme d'un cadre d'analyse standard de la durabilité des services urbains d'eau et d'assainissement au niveau de service des villes de pays développés, tout en proposant d'appréhender les spécificités locales de chaque environnement naturel et social1. (Résumé d'auteur

Diptera, Ceratopogonidae, Dasyhelea necrophila Spinelli and Rodriguez, 1999: detection of eggs in ovitraps, in Uruguay

Ovitraps with eggs of Dasyhelea necrophila were detected at five localities in Uruguay during surveillance and control of Aedes aegypti. Relevant dates of oviposition in wild of this Ceratopogonidae species are included in addition to previous laboratory work on the species. Eggs of D. necrophila were deposited together with eggs of Culicidae and Psychodidae. These are the first records of the species from Uruguay.Fil: Martínez, María. Universidad de la República; Uruguay. Ministerio de Salud Pública. Sección Zoonosis y Vectores; UruguayFil: Canneva, Bruno. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Ronderos, Maria Marcela. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Entomología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentin

Étude des trajectoires de développement d'une filière igname et des conséquences sur la sécurité alimentaire des ménages vulnérables du sud-est de Madagascar

Depuis le début des années 2000, la culture de l'igname fait l'objet de projets de recherche et de développement, dans le but de lutter contre l'insécurité alimentaire qui sévit à Madagascar. En 2010, les actions de vulgarisation et de diffusion de la culture menées par la FAO dans le sud-est de l'île, zone à haut risque cyclonique, ont permis de mettre en évidence le potentiel de l'igname pour améliorer l'autosuffisance des ménages vulnérables. Aujourd'hui, les promoteurs de l'igname voient dans le développement d'une filière, le moyen de pérenniser les avancées faites jusque-là, tout en contribuant à la diversification de l'agriculture malgache. Aussi, dans l'optique de la diffusion à grande échelle de la culture d'igname dans Je sud-est de Madagascar, la FAO souhaite étudier les possibilités et la pertinence du développement de la filière. Après avoir fait l'état des lieux de la situation de l'igname à Madagascar, cette étude propose différentes échelles pour le développement d'une filière à partir d'une production dans la région Sud Est. Ainsi, quatre scénarios ont été construits en prenant en compte différentes modalités de production, de transformation, de commercialisation et de consommation. Ces scénarios sont ensuite analysés du point de vue de leur contribution à la sécurité alimentaire des ménages producteurs, selon ses quatre dimensions: disponibilité, accessibilité, stabilité et nutrition

Diptera, Ceratopogonidae, <i>Dasyhelea necrophila</i> Spinelli and Rodriguez, 1999: detection of eggs in ovitraps, in Uruguay

Ovitraps with eggs of Dasyhelea necrophila were detected at five localities in Uruguay during surveillance and control of Aedes aegypti. Relevant dates of oviposition in wild of this Ceratopogonidae species are included in addition to previous laboratory work on the species. Eggs of D. necrophila were deposited together with eggs of Culicidae and Psychodidae. These are the first records of the species from Uruguay.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (FCNM

Diptera, Ceratopogonidae, <i>Dasyhelea necrophila</i> Spinelli and Rodriguez, 1999: detection of eggs in ovitraps, in Uruguay

Ovitraps with eggs of Dasyhelea necrophila were detected at five localities in Uruguay during surveillance and control of Aedes aegypti. Relevant dates of oviposition in wild of this Ceratopogonidae species are included in addition to previous laboratory work on the species. Eggs of D. necrophila were deposited together with eggs of Culicidae and Psychodidae. These are the first records of the species from Uruguay.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (FCNM

Influence of organic molecules on the aggregation of TiO2 nanoparticles in acidic conditions

Engineered nanoparticles released into the environment may interact with natural organic matter (NOM). Surface complexation affects the surface potential, which in turn may lead to aggregation of the particles. Aggregation of synthetic TiO2 (anatase) nanoparticles in aqueous suspension was investigated at pH 2.8 as a function of time in the presence of various organic molecules and Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA), using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results showed that the average hydrodynamic diameter and ?-potential were dependent on both concentration and molecular structure of the organic molecule. Results were also compared with those of quantitative batch adsorption experiments. Further, a time study of the aggregation of TiO2 nanoparticles in the presence of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) and SRFA, respectively, was performed in order to observe changes in ?-potential and particle size over a time period of 9 months. In the 2,3-DHBA-TiO2 system, ?-potentials decreased with time resulting in charge neutralization and/or inversion depending on ligand concentration. Aggregate sizes increased initially to the micrometer size range, followed by disaggregation after several months. No or very little interaction between SRFA and TiO2 occurred at the lowest concentrations tested. However, at the higher concentrations of SRFA, there was an increase in both aggregate size and the amount of SRFA adsorbed to the TiO2 surface. This was in correlation with the ?-potential that decreased with increased SRFA concentration, leading to destabilization of the system. These results stress the importance of performing studies over both short and long time periods to better understand and predict the long-term effects of nanoparticles in the environment

Anticipating the Flood. Community-based cartography for disaster flood events in Argentina

Anticipando la Crecida Project (Anticipating the Flood) is an interdisciplinary project which deals with flood risk management strategies associated with intense rain events and southeasterly wind « sudestadas » in socio-economical vulnerable urban areas in Argentina. The objective of the current study is to use local knowledge through participatory activities to strengthen the phase of risk awareness of an early warning system by using cartography as a work tool. For this purpose, eleven workshops with adults and children were held between 2014 and 2017 in Buenos Aires metropolitan area and the towns of San Antonio de Areco and Santa Lucía. By helping communities articulate and communicate spatial knowledge through workshops, enable the possibility to advocate for a change. That change result in a new direction on how the community and stakeholders can act towards a flood event. Analysing community-based maps of 85 adults, flood theoretical models can be evaluated and perhaps improved. Additionally, overall 287 students between 10 and 17 years old learned about cartography and interacted with poster maps during the workshops held in different schoolsFil: Gatti, Ignacio Agustin. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; ArgentinaFil: Robledo, Federico Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos; ArgentinaFil: Hurtado, Sol. Universidad Nacional de San Martín; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Canneva, Julieta. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Moreira, Diego. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera; ArgentinaFil: Re, Mariano. Ministerio del Interior, Obras Públicas y Vivienda. Secretaría de Obras Públicas. Subsecretaría de Recursos Hídricos. Instituto Nacional del Agua y del Ambiente (Ezeiza); ArgentinaFil: Briche, Elodie Sylvie Odile. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera; ArgentinaFil: Falco, Magdalena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera; ArgentinaFil: Kazimierski, Leandro David. Ministerio del Interior, Obras Públicas y Vivienda. Secretaría de Obras Públicas. Subsecretaría de Recursos Hídricos. Instituto Nacional del Agua y del Ambiente (Ezeiza); ArgentinaFil: Micou, Ana Paula. Ministerio de Defensa. Instituto Geografico Nacional; Argentin

Comprehensive phenotyping revealed transient startle response reduction and histopathological gadolinium localization to perineuronal nets after gadodiamide administration in rats

Gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCAs) are widely used in clinical MRI since the mid-1980s. Recently, concerns have been raised that trace amounts of Gadolinium (Gd), detected in brains even long time after GBCA application, may cause yet unrecognized clinical consequences. We therefore assessed the behavioral phenotype, neuro-histopathology, and Gd localization after repeated administration of linear (gadodiamide) or macrocyclic (gadobutrol) GBCA in rats. While most behavioral tests revealed no difference between treatment groups, we observed a transient and reversible decrease of the startle reflex after gadodiamide application. Residual Gd in the lateral cerebellar nucleus was neither associated with a general gene expression pathway deregulation nor with neuronal cell loss, but in gadodiamide-treated rats Gd was associated with the perineuronal net protein aggrecan and segregated to high molecular weight fractions. Our behavioral finding together with Gd distribution and speciation support a substance class difference for Gd presence in the brain after GBCA application

Differential transgene expression patterns in Alzheimer mouse models revealed by novel human amyloid precursor protein-specific antibodies

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is histopathologically characterized by neurodegeneration, the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular Aβ deposits that derive from proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). As rodents do not normally develop Aβ pathology, various transgenic animal models of AD were designed to overexpress human APP with mutations favouring its amyloidogenic processing. However, these mouse models display tremendous differences in the spatial and temporal appearance of Aβ deposits, synaptic dysfunction, neurodegeneration and the manifestation of learning deficits which may be caused by age-related and brain region- specific differences in APP transgene levels. Consequentially, a comparative temporal and regional analysis of the pathological effects of Aβ in mouse brains is difficult complicating the validation of therapeutic AD treatment strategies in different mouse models. To date, no antibodies are available that properly discriminate endogenous rodent and transgenic human APP in brains of APP-transgenic animals. Here, we developed and characterized rat monoclonal antibodies by immunohistochemistry and Western blot that detect human but not murine APP in brains of three APP-transgenic mouse and one APP-transgenic rat model. We observed remarkable differences in expression levels and brain region-specific expression of human APP among the investigated transgenic mouse lines. This may explain the differences between APP-transgenic models mentioned above. Furthermore, we provide compelling evidence that our new antibodies specifically detect endogenous human APP in immunocytochemistry, FACS and immunoprecipitation. Hence, we propose these antibodies as standard tool for monitoring expression of endogenous or transfected APP in human cells and APP expression in transgenic animals