Jean Poutet, L'Argentine de la peur

Capian Alain. Jean Poutet, L'Argentine de la peur. In: Cahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilien, n°31, 1978. Numéro consacré en partie au XVIIIe siècle. pp. 233-235

La socialisation du salaire

The social1zation of wages Alain Capian Within one generation, the material conditions which govern life and reproduction of men have been revolutionarized by the dramatic expansion of public funds destined to satisfy needs, such that about half of the expenditures necessary to ihat reproduction flows through the institutions of State. The necessity of that process is based on the contradiction inherent in the wage commodity-form, reinforced by the transformation resulting from capital accumulation. As feed-back, the development of that interaction favours the entire efficiency of labour (making possible intensification of work and capital-deepning accumulation). As it has been analysed this process appears to be an essentiel aspect of economic development wich manifests itself as an objective tendency towards socialization of wages and not as an evolution towards « welfare ».La nécessité de cette médiation se base sur les contradictions inhérentes à la forme marchande du salaire aiguisées par les transformations résultant de l'accumulation du capital. En retour, le développement de cette interaction favorise l'efficacité globale du travail (en rendant possible l'intensification du travail et l'accumulation intensive). Ainsi analysé, ce processus apparaît comme un aspect essentiel du développement économique qui se manifeste comme tendance objective à la socialisation du salaire et non comme évolution vers le « bien-être ».Capian Alain. La socialisation du salaire. In: Revue économique, volume 32, n°6, 1981. pp. 1087-1112

Jean Poutet, L'Argentine de la peur

Capian Alain. Jean Poutet, L'Argentine de la peur. In: Cahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilien, n°31, 1978. Numéro consacré en partie au XVIIIe siècle. pp. 233-235

La socialisation du salaire

[fre] La nécessité de cette médiation se base sur les contradictions inhérentes à la forme marchande du salaire aiguisées par les transformations résultant de l'accumulation du capital. En retour, le développement de cette interaction favorise l'efficacité globale du travail (en rendant possible l'intensification du travail et l'accumulation intensive). Ainsi analysé, ce processus apparaît comme un aspect essentiel du développement économique qui se manifeste comme tendance objective à la socialisation du salaire et non comme évolution vers le « bien-être ». [eng] The social1zation of wages . Alain Capian. Within one generation, the material conditions which govern life and reproduction of men have been revolutionarized by the dramatic expansion of public funds destined to satisfy needs, such that about half of the expenditures necessary to ihat reproduction flows through the institutions of State. The necessity of that process is based on the contradiction inherent in the wage commodity-form, reinforced by the transformation resulting from capital accumulation. As feed-back, the development of that interaction favours the entire efficiency of labour (making possible intensification of work and capital-deepning accumulation). As it has been analysed this process appears to be an essentiel aspect of economic development wich manifests itself as an objective tendency towards socialization of wages and not as an evolution towards « welfare ».

PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.

Background: Rat-borne leptospirosis is an emerging zoonotic disease in urban slum settlements for which there are no adequate control measures. The challenge in elucidating risk factors and informing approaches for prevention is the complex and heterogeneous environment within slums, which vary at fine spatial scales and influence transmission of the bacterial agent. Methodology/Principal Findings: We performed a prospective study of 2,003 slum residents in the city of Salvador, Brazil during a four-year period (2003–2007) and used a spatiotemporal modelling approach to delineate the dynamics of leptospiral transmission. Household interviews and Geographical Information System surveys were performed annually to evaluate risk exposures and environmental transmission sources. We completed annual serosurveys to ascertain leptospiral infection based on serological evidence. Among the 1,730 (86%) individuals who completed at least one year of follow-up, the infection rate was 35.4 (95% CI, 30.7–40.6) per 1,000 annual follow-up events. Male gender, illiteracy, and age were independently associated with infection risk. Environmental risk factors included rat infestation (OR 1.46, 95% CI, 1.00–2.16), contact with mud (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.17–2.17) and lower household elevation (OR 0.92 per 10m increase in elevation, 95% CI 0.82–1.04). The spatial distribution of infection risk was highly heterogeneous and varied across small scales. Fixed effects in the spatiotemporal model accounted for the majority of the spatial variation in risk, but there was a significant residual component that was best explained by the spatial random effect. Although infection risk varied between years, the spatial distribution of risk associated with fixed and random effects did not vary temporally. Specific “hot-spots” consistently had higher transmission risk during study years. Conclusions/Significance: The risk for leptospiral infection in urban slums is determined in large part by structural features, both social and environmental. Our findings indicate that topographic factors such as household elevation and inadequate drainage increase risk by promoting contact with mud and suggest that the soil-water interface serves as the environmental reservoir for spillover transmission. The use of a spatiotemporal approach allowed the identification of geographic outliers with unexplained risk patterns. This approach, in addition to guiding targeted community-based interventions and identifying new hypotheses, may have general applicability towards addressing environmentally-transmitted diseases that have emerged in complex urban slum settings.Californi