Explicit Relation of Quantum Hall Effect and Calogero-Sutherland Model

Explicit relation between Laughlin state of the quantum Hall effect and one-dimensional(1D) model with long-ranged interaction ($1/r^2$) is discussed. By rewriting lowest Landau level wave functions in terms of 1D representation, Laughlin state can be written as a deformation of the ground state of Calogero-Sutherland model. Corresponding to Laughlin state on different geometries, different types of 1D $1/r^2$ interaction models are derived.Comment: 10 page

Path Integral Bosonization of Massive GNO Fermions

We show the quantum equivalence between certain symmetric space sine-Gordon models and the massive free fermions. In the massless limit, these fermions reduce to the free fermions introduced by Goddard, Nahm and Olive (GNO) in association with symmetric spaces $K/G$. A path integral formulation is given in terms of the Wess-Zumino-Witten action where the field variable $g$ takes value in the orthogonal, unitary, and symplectic representations of the group $G$ in the basis of the symmetric space. We show that, for example, such a path integral bosonization is possible when the symmetric spaces $K/G$ are $SU(N) \times SU(N)/SU(N); N \le 3, ~ Sp(2)/U(2)$ or $SO(8)/U(4)$. We also address the relation between massive GNO fermions and the nonabelian solitons, and explain the restriction imposed on the fermion mass matrix due to the integrability of the bosonic model.Comment: 11 page

Geometric Classification of Conformal Anomalies in Arbitrary Dimensions

We give a complete geometric description of conformal anomalies in arbitrary, (necessarily even) dimension. They fall into two distinct classes: the first, based on Weyl invariants that vanish at integer dimensions, arises from finite -- and hence scale-free -- contributions to the effective gravitational action through a mechanism analogous to that of the (gauge field) chiral anomaly. Like the latter, it is unique and proportional to a topological term, the Euler density of the dimension, thereby preserving scale invariance. The contributions of the second class, requiring introduction of a scale through regularization, are correlated to all local conformal scalar polynomials involving powers of the Weyl tensor and its derivatives; their number increases rapidly with dimension. Explicit illustrations in dimensions 2, 4 and 6 are provided.Comment: Brandeis BRX--343, SISSA 14/93/E

Quantum fluctuations of the Chern-Simons theory and dynamical dimensional reduction

We consider a large-N Chern-Simons theory for the attractive bosonic matter (Jackiw-Pi model) in the Hamiltonian collective-field approach based on the 1/N expansion. We show that the dynamics of low-lying density excitations around the ground-state vortex configuration is equivalent to that of the Sutherland model. The relationship between the Chern-Simons coupling constant lambda and the Calogero-Sutherland statistical parameter lambda_s signalizes some sort of statistical transmutation accompanying the dimensional reduction of the initial problem.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure

The size of juxtaluminal hypoechoic area in ultrasound images of asymptomatic carotid plaques predicts the occurrence of stroke

Objective: To test the hypothesis that the size of a juxtaluminal black (hypoechoic) area (JBA) in ultrasound images of asymptomatic carotid artery plaques predicts future ipsilateral ischemic stroke. Methods: A JBA was defined as an area of pixels with a grayscale value <25 adjacent to the lumen without a visible echogenic cap after image normalization. The size of a JBA was measured in the carotid plaque images of 1121 patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis 50% to 99% in relation to the bulb (Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis and Risk of Stroke study); the patients were followed for up to 8 years. Results: The JBA had a linear association with future stroke rate. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.816. Using Kaplan-Meier curves, the mean annual stroke rate was 0.4% in 706 patients with a JBA <4 mm 2, 1.4% in 171 patients with a JBA 4 to 8 mm2, 3.2% in 46 patients with a JBA 8 to 10 mm2, and 5% in 198 patients with a JBA >10 mm2 (P <.001). In a Cox model with ipsilateral ischemic events (amaurosis fugax, transient ischemic attack [TIA], or stroke) as the dependent variable, the JBA (<4 mm2, 4-8 mm2, >8 mm2) was still significant after adjusting for other plaque features known to be associated with increased risk, including stenosis, grayscale median, presence of discrete white areas without acoustic shadowing indicating neovascularization, plaque area, and history of contralateral TIA or stroke. Plaque area and grayscale median were not significant. Using the significant variables (stenosis, discrete white areas without acoustic shadowing, JBA, and history of contralateral TIA or stroke), this model predicted the annual risk of stroke for each patient (range, 0.1%-10.0%). The average annual stroke risk was <1% in 734 patients, 1% to 1.9% in 94 patients, 2% to 3.9% in 134 patients, 4% to 5.9% in 125 patients, and 6% to 10% in 34 patients. Conclusions: The size of a JBA is linearly related to the risk of stroke and can be used in risk stratification models. These findings need to be confirmed in future prospective studies or in the medical arm of randomized controlled studies in the presence of optimal medical therapy. In the meantime, the JBA may be used to select asymptomatic patients at high stroke risk for carotid endarterectomy and spare patients at low risk from an unnecessary operation

Randomized study of the use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in pain relief in labor

Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia da aplicação da estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea (TENS) no controle da dor durante o período da dilatação do trabalho de parto. Método: Foi realizado um ensaio clínico, paralelo e randomizado. Sessenta e oito parturientes com gestação única, de baixo risco, no termo, com dilatação cervical ≥ 4 cm e ≤ 7 cm e sem uso de medicação analgésica prévia. Foram randomizadas em dois grupos: TENS (n=34) e placebo (n=34) e avaliados os desfechos primários (intensidade da dor após a intervenção, grau de desconforto e grau de satisfação materna) e secundários (uso de outros métodos não farmacológicos para alívio da dor, fármacos no parto vaginal, taxa de cesárea e duração do trabalho de parto). A TENS foi aplicada por 30 minutos, entre T10 – L1 e S2 – S4. A intensidade da dor e o grau de desconforto foram avaliados por meio da escala visual analógica (EVA) e o grau de satisfação materna por nota de 0 a 10. Considerando a diferença de 34% entre os grupos para detectar efetividade do tratamento e assumindo a margem de erro de 10% e confiabilidade de 95%, o tamanho amostral calculado foi de 34 parturientes por grupo. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente para comparação entre os grupos estudados, adotando-se o limite mínimo de significância de 95% (p<0,05) Resultados: No grupo TENS houve maior número de parturientes classificando a dor como leve/moderada (RR= 2,4; IC95%: 1,6-3,7), melhora do grau de desconforto (RR= 4,1; IC95%: 2,1-8,1), maior número de mulheres referindo plena satisfação (RR= 2,8; IC95%: 1,5-5,0) e menor taxa de cesárea (RR= 0,3; IC95%: 0,1-0,8), quando comparadas ao grupo placebo. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação ao uso de métodos não farmacológicos, farmacológicos e na duração do trabalho de parto. Conclusões: a TENS é um método eficaz na melhora da dor e com alto grau de satisfação materna, quando aplicado em parturientes de baixo risco, durante o período da dilatação, podendo ser utilizado como método não farmacológico de alivio da dor. Registro de ensaio clínico: RBR-2ZGDGJ.Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in the control of pain during the period of labor. Method: A clinical, parallel and randomized trial was performed. Sixty-eight parturients with single, low-risk pregnancies at term, with cervical dilatation ≥ 4 cm and ≤ 7 cm and without previous analgesic medication. They were randomized into two groups: TENS (n = 34) and placebo (n = 34) and primary outcomes (pain intensity after intervention, degree of discomfort and degree of maternal satisfaction) and secondary outcomes (use of other non-pharmacological methods for pain relief, vaginal delivery drugs, cesarean section rate and duration of labor). The TENS was applied for 30 minutes between T10 - L1 and S2 - S4. The intensity of the pain and the degree of discomfort were evaluated through the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the degree of maternal satisfaction by grade from 0 to 10. Considering the difference of 34% between the groups to detect treatment effectiveness and assuming the margin of error of 10% and reliability of 95%, the sample size calculated was 34 parturients per group. The results were statistically analyzed for comparison between the groups studied, adopting the minimum significance level of 95% (p <0.05). Results: In the TENS group, there was a higher number of parturients classifying pain as mild / moderate (RR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.6-3.7), improvement in the degree of discomfort (RR = 4.1, 95% CI, (RR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.5-5.0) and lower rate of cesarean section (RR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1-0.8) when compared to the placebo group. There was no statistical difference between the groups regarding the use of non-pharmacological, pharmacological and duration of labor methods. Conclusions: TENS is an effective method to improve pain and with a high degree of maternal satisfaction when applied to low-risk parturients during the period of dilation and can be used as a non-pharmacological method of pain relief. Trial registration: RBR-2ZGDGJ

Principais fatores prognósticos e modalidades fisioterapêuticas associados à recuperação funcional em pacientes com paralisia facial periférica

Patients with peripheral facial paralysis (PFP) have some degree of recovery. The aim of this study was to evaluate prognostic factors and physical therapy modalities associated with functional recovery in patients with PFP. This is a cohort study with 33 patients. We collected the following variables of patients who underwent treatment at the rehabilitation center: age, sex, risk factors, affected side, degree of facial paralysis (House-Brackmann scale), start of rehabilitation, and therapy modality (kinesiotherapy only; kinesiotherapy with excitomotor electrotherapy; and kinesiotherapy with excitomotor electrotherapy and photobiomodulation therapy). The outcomes were: degree of facial movement (House-Brackmann) and face scale applied 90 days after treatment. Degree of PFP was associated with functional recovery (RR=0.51, 95% CI: 0.51-0.98; p=0.036). The facial movement was associated with the time to start rehabilitation (r=−0.37; p=0.033). Lower facial comfort was observed among women, worse ocular comfort was associated with diabetes mellitus, worse tear control with prior PFP, and worse social function with the degree of PFP. Our results indicate that the all modalities present in this study showed the same result in PFP. Recovery of PFP was associated with degree of nerve dysfunction, the length of time to onset of rehabilitation, femLos pacientes con parálisis facial periférica (PFP) tienen diferentes grados de recuperación. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los factores pronósticos y las modalidades de fisioterapia relacionadas a la recuperación funcional de pacientes con PFP. Este es un estudio de cohorte prospectivo con 33 pacientes. Se recogieron las siguientes variables de pacientes sometidos a tratamiento en el centro de rehabilitación: edad, sexo, factores de riesgo, lado afectado, grado de parálisis facial (escala de House-Brackmann), inicio de la rehabilitación y modalidad de terapia (kinesioterapia, kinesioterapia asociada a la electroterapia, kinesioterapia asociada a la electroterapia y terapia de fotobiomodulación). Los resultados fueron: grado de movimiento facial (House-Brackmann) y face scale, aplicados 90 días después del tratamiento. El grado de PFP se asoció con la recuperación funcional (RR=0,51,95% IC: 0,51-0,98; p=0,036). El movimiento facial se asoció con el tiempo para comenzar la rehabilitación (r=−0,37; p=0,033). Se observó menor comodidad facial entre las mujeres, peor comodidad ocular en personas con diabetes mellitus, peor control lagrimal en individuos con PFP previa y peor función social con el grado de PFP. Todas las modalidades presentadas en este estudio tuvieron el mismo resultado en PFP. La recuperación de la PFP se asoció con el grado de disfunción nerviosa, el tiempo inicial de la rehabilitación, el sexo femenino, la hipertensión arterial sistémica, la diabetes mellitus y la PFP previa, todos asociados con peores resultados en face scale.Os pacientes com paralisia facial periférica (PFP) apresentam diversos graus de recuperação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os fatores prognósticos e as modalidades fisioterapêuticas associados à recuperação funcional em pacientes com PFP. Trata-se de um estudo coorte prospectiva de 33 pacientes. Foram coletadas variáveis de pacientes submetidos ao tratamento no centro de reabilitação: idade, sexo, fatores de risco, lado afetado, grau de paralisia facial (escala de House-Brackmann), início da reabilitação e modalidade de terapia (cinesioterapia; cinesioterapia associada à eletroterapia; cinesioterapia associada à eletroterapia e terapia de fotobiomodulação). Os desfechos foram: grau de movimento facial (House-Brackmann) e face scale aplicados 90 dias após o tratamento. O grau de PFP foi associado à recuperação funcional (RR=0,51, 95% IC: 0,51-0,98; p=0,036). O movimento facial foi associado com o tempo para iniciar a reabilitação (r=−0,37; p=0,033). Menor conforto facial foi observado entre as mulheres, pior conforto ocular em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus, pior controle lacrimal em indivíduos com PFP prévia e pior função social com o grau de PFP. Todas as modalidades apresentadas neste estudo tiveram o mesmo resultado na PFP. A recuperação da PFP foi associada ao grau de disfunção nervosa, ao tempo de início da reabilitação, ao sexo feminino, à hipertensão arterial sistêmica, ao diabetes mellitus e à PFP prévia, todos associados a piores desfechos na face scale