Fertilización con cinc: concentración y exportación en soja

Cerca de la mitad de la población mundial sufre deficiencias de cinc (Zn). La aplicación de Zn (biofortificación agronómica) podría ser una solución rápida al problema. Por otro lado, para hacer balances de Zn en el sistema suelo-planta se necesita conocer la cantidad de Zn exportado.Área: Ciencias Agrícolas, Producción y Salud Animal

Changes in phenolic composition and antioxidant activity during germination of quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Quinoa seed (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has obtained great interest in recent years due to its high nutritional value and its content of natural antioxidants and other phytochemicals with positive biological activity in humans. Their ability as health promoters depends strictly on the processing conditions to which the seeds are submitted. In this work, quinoa seeds were subjected to germination and subsequent oven-drying at 40ºC in order to evaluate changes on phenolic compounds composition as well as on the antioxidant activity along different germination stages. Germination resulted in a 2 fold increase in antioxidant activity measured as DPPH radical scavenging activity, after 3 days of germination. At the same time, the amounts of HPLC identified phenolic acids and flavonoids increased 8.57 fold, and 4.4 fold respectively. Germination and subsequent oven-drying was shown to be a good process to improve the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of quinoa seeds, and thereby obtain an ingredient to be used in functional food formulations.Fil: Carciochi, Ramiro Ariel. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería Olavarría; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Manrique, Guillermo Daniel. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería Olavarría; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Dimitrov, K.. Universite Lille 3; Franci

Obtención de ingredientes alimenticios con capacidad antioxidante mejorada por aplicación de distintos procesos a semillas de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

The objective of this study was to obtain raw materials with enhanced antioxidant compounds through the application of different technological processes from quinoa seeds in order to be applied for the formulation of novel food products with potential functional properties.\nFirstly, the operational extraction conditions for phenolic compounds extraction from quinoa seeds were evaluated and optimized with the aim to obtain an extract rich in antioxidant substances. Thereafter, different processes such as germination, heat treatment, UV-C irradiation and combinations of these processes (germination + heat treatment and germination + UV-C irradiation) were evaluated as means to enhance the antioxidant capacity of seeds, selecting the optimal experimental conditions in each case. Contributions of different compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, tocopherols and products of the Maillard reaction on the overall antioxidant capacity in case were evaluated. The ingredient that reached the maximum level of antioxidant activity was incorporated in the formulation of a gluten-free baked product, which it was subsequently evaluated by proximate composition, antioxidant capacity and overall acceptability.Fil.: Carciochi, Ramiro Ariel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica; ArgentinaEl objetivo del presente trabajo fue obtener materias primas a partir de semillas de quinoa, con contenido de componentes antioxidantes aumentado mediante la aplicación de diversos procesos tecnológicos, de manera que puedan ser utilizados en la elaboración de nuevos productos alimenticios con potenciales propiedades funcionales.\nEn primera instancia, se evaluaron y optimizaron las condiciones operativas de extracción de los compuestos fenólicos a partir de las semillas con el propósito de obtener un extracto rico en sustancias antioxidantes. Posteriormente, se evaluaron los procesos de germinación, tratamiento térmico, irradiación UV-C y combinaciones de estos procesos (germinación + tratamiento térmico y germinación + irradiación UV-C) como medios para mejorar la capacidad antioxidante de las semillas, seleccionando las condiciones experimentales óptimas en cada caso. En los ingredientes obtenidos se analizaron las contribuciones de los diferentes compuestos con actividad antioxidante (ácidos fenólicos, flavonoides, ácido ascórbico, tocoferoles, productos de la reacción de Maillard) sobre la capacidad antioxidante resultante en cada caso. Mediante la comparación de resultados, se seleccionó el ingrediente que alcanzó el máximo nivel de actividad antioxidante, el cual se incorporó en la formulación de un producto alimenticio libre de gluten, en el cual se evaluó composición centesimal, capacidad antioxidante y grado de aceptabilidad mediante análisis sensorial

Catch crops in the Argentinean Pampas: a synthesis-analysis on nutrient characteristics and their implications for a sustainable agriculture

Catch crops (CCs) are crops that grow between two cash crops, accumulating nutrients in their biomass and later releasing them through the decomposition of their residues. To our knowledge, no study has compared the nutrient-related traits of different CCs species. This comparison is essential for understanding the possible roles of CCs in agroecosystems and for optimizing adjustments of fertilizer rates. This study aims to: i) synthesize characteristics of the CCs, such as aboveground dry matter accumulation, nutrient [carbon (C), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P)] concentration and accumulation, and C:nutrient ratios, ii) explore factors defining the mentioned characteristics, and iii) discuss their implications on the ecosystem services provided. By analyzing data from 52 studies, (98 site-years) in the Argentinean Pampas, we observed that grasses (excluding ryegrass) accumulated the greatest aboveground dry matter (6.08 ± 0.22 t ha-1, mean ± SE) and C (2.60 ± 0.13 t ha-1), making them suitable for protecting the soil surface from erosion, suppressing weeds, and improving C balances. Conversely, vetch accumulated the highest nutrient content (118 ± 5.3, 15 ± 1.5, and 14 ± 1.2 kg ha-1 for N, S, and P, respectively) with the lowest C:nutrient ratio (means of 15:1, 152:1, and 147:1 for N, S, and P, respectively), making it a suitable choice for recycling nutrients and providing extra N. Mixtures presented intermediate characteristics between the monocultures, allowing a balanced provision of the mentioned ecosystem services. Furthermore, the results showed that dry matter accumulation affected the nutrient-related traits analyzed, and it was related to different factors, such as CCs sowing and termination dates or precipitation. The analysis highlights the importance of selecting CCs species based on the desired ecosystem service and provides valuable information for producers as well as for modeling C balances and nutrient cycling

Fertilizantes y fertilizadoras

La fertilización de cultivos y la aplicación de enmiendas, son prácticas cada vez más frecuentes. Esto genera la necesidad de conocer las características de los fertilizantes, y la forma en que deben calibrarse las fertilizadoras, en pos de lograr una aplicación de calidad.EEA BalcarceFil: Carciochi, Walter. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; ArgentinaFil: Carciochi, Walter. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); ArgentinaFil: Carciochi, Walter. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP). Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Tourn, Santiago Néstor. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; ArgentinaFil: Tourn, Santiago Néstor. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP). Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Agronomic Optimal Plant Density by Yield Environment in Soybean

This research report presents a summary of a peer-reviewed publication: Carciochi W.D.; Schwalbert R.; Andrade F.H.; Corassa G.M.; Carter P.; Gaspar A.P.; Schmidt J.; Ciampitti I.A. 2019. Soybean seed yield response to plant density by yield environment in North America. Agronomy Journal. Recent economic and productive circumstances have caused interest in within-field variation of the agronomic optimal plant density (AOPD) for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the AOPD by yield environment (YE) for soybean. During 2013 and 2014, nine site-years with a total of 78 yield-to-plant density responses were evaluated in different regions of the United States and Canada. A soybean database evaluating seeding rates ranging from 69,000–271,000 seeds/a was utilized, including the final number of plants and seed yield. The data were classified in YEs: low (LYE, \u3c59.6 bu/a), medium (MYE, 59.6-64.1 bu/a), and high (HYE, \u3e64.1 bu/a). The main outcomes for this study were: 1) AOPD decreased by 24% from LYE (127,000 plants/a) to HYE (97,000 plants/a); 2) greater AOPD in a LYE was not related to a low plant survival rate; and 3) cumulative precipitation during soybean reproductive growth period was 39% lower in LYE compared with MYE and HYE, possibly reducing its reproductive ability. This study presents the first attempt to investigate the seed yield-to-plant density relationship via understanding final plant establishment and by exploring the influence of weather defining soybean YEs in North America

Acumulación de nutrientes en cultivos de servicio y su implicancia en los agroecosistemas

Para lograr un sistema de producción sustentable, el ciclo de los nutrientes debe ser lo más cerrado posible. Los cultivos de servicio (CS) son utilizados para evitar la pérdida de nutrientes desde el suelo durante el periodo comprendido entre dos cultivos de cosecha. En este trabajo se realizó una revisión sistemática para la región pampeana argentina sobre acumulación de biomasa aérea, concentración y acumulación de nutrientes (C, N, P y S) y calidad de sus residuos, para diferentes CS, discutiendo su implicancia en los agroecosistemas. Se generó una base de datos con datos propios y trabajos publicados en revistas, congresos, boletines técnicos y tesis. Para el análisis de las variables se consideraron cinco grupos de CS: Gramíneas (sin raigrás), Raigrás (Lolium sp), Vicia (Vicia sp.), Crucíferas y Consociadas. Los resultados de esta revisión indican que existen diferencias entre grupos de CS en la acumulación de biomasa aérea y gran variabilidad dentro de cada uno. La acumulación de C fue mayor en Gramíneas y Consociadas. Las Gramíneas serían adecuadas para aportar C al sistema, pero hay que tener en cuenta la posible inmovilización de nutrientes que generen sus residuos durante el ciclo del cultivo posterior. La Vicia presenta el beneficio de incorporar N al sistema mediante fijación biológica, aportándolo al cultivo siguiente y permitiendo la formación de materia orgánica del suelo. En una situación intermedia se encuentran las Consociadas, aportando C como las Gramíneas y N, S y P como la Vicia, ya que las relaciones C:nutriente son favorables para la mineralización neta. Los CS ayudan a cerrar los ciclos de los nutrientes al actuar como “cultivos trampa”. Este trabajo sugiere que es importante elegir la especie o consociación de especies a utilizar en función del servicio ecosistémico buscado.Fil: Cafaro la Menza, Francisco. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; ArgentinaFil: Carciochi, Walter Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; ArgentinaXXVIII Congreso Argentino de la Ciencia del SueloBuenos AiresArgentinaAsociación Argentina de la Ciencia del Suel

Does nitrogen fertilization rate, timing and splitting affect sunflower yield and grain quality?

Nitrogen (N) deficiency could have a negative effect on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) yield and grain quality. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the optimum rate, timing, and frequency of N fertilization to improve sunflower crop nutrition. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of N fertilization rate, timing, and splitting on grain yield, and grain and oil quality. Twelve field experiments were carried out between 2016 and 2020. Treatments consisted of at least three N rates ranging from 0 to 200 kg N ha−1 applied at V2. Moreover, the 80 kg N ha−1 rate was applied at V14 (80NV14) or split between V2 and V14 (80Nsplit). Treatments were evaluated in two sunflower genotypes, high oleic (HO) and conventional (CONV). A significant grain yield response to N fertilization was observed in six out of twelve experiments, generally at rates greater than 80 kg ha−1. The mean response to fertilization was 369 kg ha−1. Fertilization increased grain protein concentration (PG) (+1.5%) at experiments E1–E3 and E9–E12 and decreased oil concentration (OG) (−2%) at experiments E1, E4, E9, E11, and E12. The maximum N rate, increased oleic and stearic acid concentration (+3%–4%), depending on the genotype (AO and CONV). Neither fertilizer timing nor splitting affected grain yield or OG. Late N fertilization (V14) increased oleic acid (+2.4%), whereas it decreased linoleic acid (+2.2%). Based on our results, N fertilization can increase yield without negatively affecting commercial grain quality (OG and fatty acids concentration), regardless of fertilization timing and frequency.Fil: Tovar Hernandez, Sergio. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Carciochi, Walter Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Izquierdo, Natalia Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Wyngaard, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Barbieri, Pablo Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Reussi Calvo, Nahuel Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Assessing Nitrogen Limitation in Inoculated Soybean in Southern Brazil

Core Ideas Soybean yield did not respond to low starter fertilizer N rates in soils with high organic matter content. Nitrogen limitation tended to be greater in low compared with medium-high yield levels. Nitrogen limitation is potentially related to lower contribution of N coming from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and mineralization. Overcoming potential N limitation in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a critical factor for sustaining plant nutrient demand and improving productivity. Following this rationale, a set of studies were executed in southern Brazil with the goals of quantifying yield response to early season fertilizer N rates (up to 40 kg ha−1), “starter N fertilization,” and to understand if soybean seed yields are limited by N (testing a non-limiting N scenario) when grown in soils with medium to high organic matter content. The main key outcomes of this research were: (i) starter N fertilization did not increase yields compared with non-fertilized soybean, potentially highlighting the absence of an early season N limitation; and (ii) N limitation was observed when soybean yields were compared with non-limiting N scenario and it tended to be greater in low compared with medium-high yield levels, potentially connected with co-limitations on both N sources (N2 fixation and mineralization) to satisfy soybean N demand. Producing soybean in a sustainable manner implies focus on production practices to conserve and, potentially, to increase soil organic matter on a long-term basis. Furthermore, it requires enhancing the biological N2 fixation process for satisfying the large plant N demand for achieving high soybean yields. Future research should be focused on understanding factors governing biological N2 fixation and N mineralization processes in soybean grown in soils with medium-high organic matter content.Fil: Ambrosini, Vítor Gabriel. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Vieira Fontoura, Sandra Mara. Fundação Agrária de Pesquisa Agropecuária; BrasilFil: Paulo de Moraes, Renato. Fundação Agrária de Pesquisa Agropecuária; BrasilFil: Carciochi, Walter Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Ciampitti, Ignacio Antonio. Kansas State University; Estados UnidosFil: Bayer, Cimélio. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasi