“Todos los que no son de Castilla son yguales”. El estatuto de Portugal en la Monarquía española en el tiempo de Olivares.

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«Nem tudo se pode escrever». Correspondencia diplomática e información «política» en Portugal durante el siglo XVII

This article aims at assessing the role played by correspondence in the diplomatic milieu of the late 17th century. The first part of this essay presents several examples of letter exchange among Portuguese diplomats, in order to demonstrate the importance of correspondence for the diffusion of information, in particular data that had a “political” character. The second part of this article focuses on the ensemble of letters written by Juan Domingo Maserati, diplomat of Charles II of Spain, during his stay in Portugal in the decade of 1670. The in-depth study of this collection of letters shows, in a particularly clear way, how important the letters were as a means of diffusing information about Portuguese politics

Desigualdades salariais entre homens e mulheres: evidências nacionais por setor de atividade

A segregação ocupacional, por razão de género, é um fenómeno negativo que, em pleno século XXI, permanece ainda comum às mais diversas culturas e economias. Uma das formas em que se consubstancia é nas diferenças salariais e remuneratórias. Desta forma, este trabalho propõe-se identificar e analisar as influências da atividade económica e da distribuição regional dessas atividades na evolução da dissemelhança remuneratória média entre trabalhadores e trabalhadoras, no período de 2010 e 2013. A variável em estudo é a diferença verificada entre o ganho médio mensal, tendo a análise sido realizada com recurso à metodologia shift-share. Conclui-se que a estrutura produtiva e a competitividade regional são determinantes na diferença salarial.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Brazil still in troubled waters

Since inheriting the Brazilian presidency five months ago, the new Temer administration has successfully ratified a constitutional amendment imposing a radical, two-decades-long public spending freeze, purportedly aimed at sparking an increase in business confidence and investment. In this policy brief, Fernando Cardim de Carvalho explains why this fiscal strategy is based not only on a flawed conception of the drivers of private-sector confidence and investment but also on a mistaken view of the roots of the current Brazilian economic crisis. The hoped-for 'expansionary fiscal consolidation' is not likely to be achieved

Entre textos y discursos. La historiografía y el poder del lenguaje.

Sin resume

Experimental mnd Modeling Investigation of The Performance Characteristics on Diesel Hcci with Hydrogen Additive- A Review

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion has been attracting considerable attention due to higher efficiency with lower nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. The combustion process in dual fuel systems in HCCI engines is very complex due to the interactions of mixing and chemistry inside the combustion chamber during the late stages of the compression stroke and the ignition process. The ignition process is very critical with significant heat release from chemical reactions occurs and the timing is difficult to predict. Controlling auto ignition was considered as the significant problem to HCCI especially in tackling the sudden pressure rise in-cylinder. Thus, it will affect the performance and emission that varies with the operating engine condition and fuel properties. The sudden pressure is due to heterogeneous which result in flame propagation.This paper mainly reviewson dual fuels in internal combustion engine, with a particular focus on using hydrogen as a fuel additive

The Accumulation of International Reserves as a Defense Strategy

The financial turmoil of the second half of the 1990s showed that even some of the most successful and fast-growing emerging countries risked suffering deep and widespread damages caused by balance of payments crises generated by capital flow reversals. In fact, as reflected in the contemporaneous debate, most of these countries suffered doubly, both from the crises themselves and from the burden of the rescue packages put together by the International Monetary Fund. Stung by the costs of those crises and their resolution, emerging countries seemed to have adopted in the 2000s a different strategy, dubbed "self insurance". The central and most visible, although by no means the only, instrument of this strategy has been the relentless accumulation of international reserves

The effect of simvastatin on the regeneration of surgical cavities in the femurs of rabbits

PURPOSE:To evaluate the effect of a local application of simvastatin gel in repairing bone defects in the femurs of rabbits.METHODS:Two standard surgical cavities were created in the femoral epiphysis of 18 rabbits. In the simvastatin group (SG), the cavities were filled with a collagen sponge soaked in 0.5 ml of a simvastatin (1 mg) gel, and the cavities were covered with a biological membrane. The bone cavities in the second group (control group) were filled with a blood clot and covered with a biological membrane. On the 7th, 21st and 42nd days, six animals in each group were euthanized, and the femurs were subject to histological evaluation (vascularity, fibrosis, reactive bone formation, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts) and immunohistochemical (anti-VEGF and anti-osteocalcin) analysis. The results were analyzed using a Wilcoxon test (p<0.05).RESULTS:There were significant differences between the two groups: the SG had greater scores in comparison with the CG in terms of the degree of vascularity on the 7th and the 21st days, fibrosis on the 21st day, bone formation reaction on the 21st and the 42nd days and the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts on the 42nd day. The immunohistochemical expression was also greater for osteocalcin and VEGF on the 7th, 21st and 42nd days.CONCLUSION:Surgical defects created in rabbit femurs were treated locally with simvastatin gel to stimulate bone repair, which promoted an ameliorative effect in the morphological and immunohistochemical markers of bone regeneration.São Paulo Federal University Department of SurgeryUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Department of SurgerySão Paulo University School of Medicine Institute of Orthopedics and TraumatologySão Paulo Federal University Department of SurgeryUNIFESP, Department of SurgerySciEL