Demographic development in North and South - global trends and challenges for education

After looking at today\u27s demographic situation, this paper will attempt to demonstrate the need for lifelong learning. It will briefly review the current world situation in terms of ageing, health, poverty and hunger, urbanisation and migration. It will then show that lifelong learning, in particular when conceived as an overarching sector-wide approach, can enable individuals to meet the challenges in their private lives and in social and work environments in today\u27s fast-changing world. The importance of literacy and adult learning and education - as the foundation and major component of lifelong learning - will be underlined. (DIPF/Orig.)In diesem Artikel wird versucht die Notwendigkeit des lebenslangen Lernens aufzuzeigen, indem die heutige demographische Situation betrachtet wird. Es wird kurz die derzeitige weltweite Lage im Bezug auf Alterung, Gesundheit, Armut und Hunger, Urbanisierung und Migration dargestellt. Es wird gezeigt, dass lebenslanges Lernen eine allumfassende Methode ist, die Personen dazu befähigen kann, in einer sich schnell wandelnden Welt zu leben und zu arbeiten. Die Bedeutung der Alphabetisierung und Erwachsenenbildung - als Grundlage des lebenslangen Lernens - und der Bedarf der Entwicklung von Schlüsselkompetenzen werden betont. Es wird für eine dringend notwendige Anerkennung und Bestätigung der formellen und informellen Bildung plädiert. (DIPF/Orig.

Migration, Local Fiscal Variables and Local Economic Conditions

The paper examines the effects of local fiscal variables and local economic conditions on exit decisions of Norwegian households. The study takes advantage of a unique survey data set in which respondents evaluate a range of local amenities and report whether they intend to relocate. We find that municipal services are important to exit decisions. Norwegian municipalities can increase the population share of young, educated households by improving living conditions for children and the quality of schools and cultural services. The estimated effects of personal unemployment, local unemployment and local wages on migration plans become weaker when amenity variables are included, indicating that capitalization of amenities cannot explain weak effects of local economic conditions on migration in Europe.Migration, local fiscal variables, local economic conditions

Survey-based Indicators of Regional Labour Markets and Interregional Migration in Norway

A rich set of regional labour market variables is utilised to explain interregional migration in Norway. In particular, regional indicators of labour market pressure are computed from survey data in which respondents are asked to evaluate local job prospects in their resident municipality and the surroundings. Mean satisfaction with local job prospects reported by respondents in a region and related survey-based indicators have a positive and significant impact on net in-migration to the region, also when controlling for traditional measures of regional labour market conditions, such as regional unemployment and wage differentials. Our results suggest that surveys may provide useful information about regional labour markets.Interregional migration; regional labour markets; survey data

Wages and Subjective Assessments of Regional Labour Market Pressure

We utilise a rich set of regional labour market variables to explain regional variation in Norwegian manufacturing wages. In particular, regional indicators of labour market pressure are computed from survey data in which respondents are asked to evaluate local job prospects. We find that average reported satisfaction with local job prospects and other survey-based indicators perform better in regional wage equations than traditional labour market variables, including the regional unemployment rate. Our results suggest that surveys may provide useful information about regional labour markets.Regional wages; Labour market pressure; Survey data

∗*-isomorphism of Leavitt path algebras over Z\mathbb{Z}

We characterise when the Leavitt path algebras over $\mathbb{Z}$ of two arbitrary countable directed graphs are $*$-isomorphic by showing that two Leavitt path algebras over $\mathbb{Z}$ are $*$-isomorphic if and only if the corresponding graph groupoids are isomorphic (if and only if there is a diagonal preserving isomorphism between the corresponding graph $C^*$-algebras). We also prove that any $*$-homomorphism between two Leavitt path algebras over $\mathbb{Z}$ maps the diagonal to the diagonal. Both results hold for slight more general subrings of $\mathbb{C}$ than just $\mathbb{Z}$.Comment: 9 pp. Thm 1 and Cor 5 have been changed to emphasize that the *-homomorphisms are *-algebra homomorphisms. The references [6], [10], [12] and [21] have been added, and the remarks following Thm 1 have been updated in order to reflect new results in these papers. There is no longer any Remark 4, so Prop 5 has become Prop 4, and Cor 6 has become Cor 5. This is the version that will be publishe