Code-Switching in Portuguese Print Media of Brazilian Immigrant Communities in Massachusetts

This study focuses on the phenomenon of code-switching (CS) which is the alternating use of two or more languages in written or spoken form (Poplack 1980). These instances of CS are collected from Brazilian Portuguese print media published by immigrant communities in Massachusetts. Print material in Brazilian Portuguese was gathered from townships and cities in the South Shore of Massachusetts, which have been documented as having large Portuguese-speaking populations. The data were analyzed by tabulating orthographic errors, examples of code-switching, false cognates and language anomalies. The results were compared to those found in Poplack (1980), Gardner-Chloros (2009), and Hill (1993), among others. The results revealed a clear relationship between the presence of CS and the instability of immigrants’ first language with possible evidence of attrition and language shift. The paper also advances the idea that the presence of CS in the community’s media is a prominent indicator of the emerging identity of immigrants in Southeastern Massachusetts

Faecal Calprotectin and a Twenty-Four-Parameter Questionnaire in Autistic Children with Gastrointestinal Symptoms

This study investigated potential correlation between the inflammatory marker, Calprotectin, and a S.O.S questionnaire from forty-nine Autistic children. Symptom and behavioral questionnaires were completed contemporaneously with stool sample collection. Mixed Model data analysis showed strong correlation between some questionnaire parameters and Calprotectin. ‘Need for a fixed routine’ was highly significantly correlated with Calprotectin (\u1d45d<0.00009) with Multivariate Coefficient of 3.227, whilst paradoxically ‘constipation’ indicated significant change (\u1d45d<0.02) with negative Multivariate Coefficient (-1.584). The negative ‘constipation’ appears to associate with the positive ‘need for a fixed routine’ indicating possibility of reciprocal, independent prediction of gastrointestinal inflammation. Results suggest that ‘need for a fixed routine’ and ‘constipation’ be included in a screening questionnaire as independent predictors of bowel dysfunction in these children

Assessing the effects of land-use changes on annual average gross erosion

International audienceThe effects of land-use changes on potential annual gross erosion in the uplands of the Emilia-Romagna administrative region, a broad geographical area of some 22 000 km2 in northern-central Italy, have been analysed by application of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The presence of an extended mountain chain, particularly subject to soil erosion, makes the estimation of annual gross erosion relevant in defining regional soil-conservation strategies. The USLE, derived empirically for plots, is usually applied at the basin scale. In the present study, the method is implemented in a distributed framework for the hilly and mountainous portion of Emilia-Romagna through a discretisation of the region into elementary square cells. The annual gross erosion is evaluated by combining morphological, pedological and climatic information. The stream network and the tributary area drained by each elementary cell, which are needed for the local application of the USLE, are derived automatically from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of grid size 250 x 250 m. The rainfall erosivity factor is evaluated from local estimates of rainfall of six-hour storm duration and two-year return period. The soil erodibility and slope length-steepness factors are derived from digital maps of land use, pedology and geomorphology. Furthermore, historical land-use maps of the district of Bologna (a large portion ? 3720 km2 ? of the area under study), allow the effect of actual land use changes on the soil erosion process to be assessed. The analysis shows the influence of land-use changes on annual gross erosion as well as the increasing vulnerability of upland areas to soil erosion processes during recent decades

Preveraison water deficit accelerates berry color change in merlot grapevines

In red varieties, berry color change from green to red is one of the first events associated with ripening and is often used as an indicator of veraison by viticulturists. Water deficit can accelerate ripening and increase pigment accumulation in the berry skin. The impact of water deficit on the timing and progression of berry color change in the vineyard has been largely overlooked. Here we present three years of observations (2011 to 2013) on the progression of color change in Merlot vines subjected to water deficit (WD) or irrigation (C) regimes. Water deficit did not affect the date at which berries started changing color in 2011 and 2012, but pigmentation began three days earlier in WD than in C vines in 2013. Water deficit accelerated pigmentation in all three years and WD berries completed color change five days earlier than C berries on average. \ua9 2016 by the American Society for Enology and Viticulture

Evidences of relationships between statistics of rainfall extremes and mean annual precipitation: an application for design-storm estimation in northern central Italy

International audienceSeveral hydrological analyses need to be founded on a reliable estimate of the design storm, which is the expected rainfall depth corresponding to a given duration and probability of occurrence, usually expressed in terms of return period. The annual series of precipitation maxima for storm duration ranging from 15 min to 1 day are observed at a dense network of raingauges sited in northern central Italy are statistically analyzed using an approach based on L-moments. The study investigates the statistical properties of rainfall extremes and identifies important relationships between these properties and the mean annual precipitation (MAP). On the basis of these relationships, we develop a regional model for estimating the rainfall depth for a given storm duration and recurrence interval in any location of the study region. The reliability of the regional model is assessed through Monte Carlo simulations. The results are relevant given that the proposed model is able to reproduce the statistical properties of rainfall extremes observed for the study region

Carbon nanotubes induce inflammation but decrease the production of reactive oxygen species in lung

With the rapid spread of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) applications, the respiratory toxicity of these compounds has attracted the attention of many scientists. Several studies have reported that after lung administration, CNTs could induce granuloma, fibrosis, or inflammation. By comparison with the mechanisms involved with other toxic particles such as asbestos, this effect could be attributed to an increase of oxidative stress. The aim of the present work was to test this hypothesis in vivo. Mice were intranasally instilled with 1.5 mg/kg of double walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs). Six, 24, or 48 h after administration, inflammation and localisation of DWCNTs in lungs were microscopically observed. Local oxidative perturbations were investigated using ESR spin trapping experiments, and systemic inflammation was assessed by measuring the plasma concentration of cytokines TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IGF-1, Leptin, G-CSF, and VEGF. Examination of lungs and the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines in the plasma (Leptin and IL-6 at 6 h) confirmed the induction of an inflammatory reaction. This inflammatory reaction was accompanied by a decrease in the local oxidative stress. This effect could be attributed to the scavenger capability of pure CNTs

Relationships between statistics of rainfall extremes and mean annual precipitation: an application for design-storm estimation in northern central Italy

Several hydrological analyses need to be founded on a reliable estimate of the design storm, which is the expected rainfall depth corresponding to a given duration and probability of occurrence, usually expressed in terms of return period. The annual series of precipitation maxima for storm duration ranging from 15 min to 1 day, observed at a dense network of raingauges sited in northern central Italy, are analyzed using an approach based on L-moments. The analysis investigates the statistical properties of rainfall extremes and detects significant relationships between these properties and the mean annual precipitation (MAP). On the basis of these relationships, we developed a regional model for estimating the rainfall depth for a given storm duration and recurrence interval in any location of the study region. The applicability of the regional model was assessed through Monte Carlo simulations. The uncertainty of the model for ungauged sites was quantified through an extensive cross-validation

Pharmacological activities of ruthenium complexes related to their NO scavenging properties

Angiogenesis is considered responsible for the growth of primary tumours and of their metastases. With the present study, the effects of three ruthenium compounds, potassiumchlorido (ethylendiamminotetraacetate)rutenate(III) (RuEDTA), sodium (bis-indazole)tetrachloro-ruthenate(III), Na[trans-RuCl\u2084Ind\u2082] (KP1339) and trans-imidazoledimethylsulphoxidetetrachloro-ruthenate (NAMI-A), are studied in vitro in models mimicking the angiogenic process. The ruthenium compounds reduced the production and the release of nitrosyls from either healthy macrophages and immortalized EA.hy926 endothelial cells. The effects of NAMI-A are qualitatively similar and sometimes quantitatively superior to those of RuEDTA and KP1339. NAMI-A reduces the production and release of nitric oxide (NO) by the EA.hy926 endothelial cells and correspondingly inhibits their invasive ability; it also strongly inhibits the angiogenesis in matrigel sponges implanted subcutaneously in healthy mice. Taken together, these data support the anti-angiogenic activity of the tested ruthenium compounds and they contribute to explain the selective activity of NAMI-A against solid tumour metastases, the tumour compartment on which angiogenesis is strongly involved. This anti-angiogenic effect may also contribute to the inhibition of the release of metastatic cells from the primary tumour. Investigations on the anti-angiogenic effects of NAMI-A at this level will increase knowledge of its pharmacological properties and it will give a further impulse to the development of this class of innovative metal-based drugs

Impact of Cluster Thinning and Basal Leaf Removal on Fruit Quality of Cabernet Franc (Vitis vinifera L.) Grapevines Grown in Cool Climate Conditions

Achieving desired fruit quality at harvest in cool climate conditions is a challenge, especially for red varieties, and the typical inability of fruit to reach technological maturity is a critical contributing factor requiring examination. To probe this issue, this research investigated the impact of two levels of crop thinning and of basal leaf removal at three phenological stages in the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons in Michigan. Experiments were conducted at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center (SWMREC) in Benton Harbor. Using \u2018Cabernet franc\u2019 (Vitis vinifera L.) vines, yield components (yield per vine, pruning weight, and cluster and berry weight) and basic fruit composition traits [total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity, anthocyanins, and phenolics) were studied to investigate the effect of cluster thinning and basal leaf removal on vine performance and fruit quality at harvest. Neither of the treatments significantly impacted TSS in either of the two seasons. Cluster thinning treatment successfully altered cropload ratio, indexed as Ravaz Index (RI), independently of the time of application. Basal leaf removal increased exposed berry temperature, cluster light exposure, and subsequent anthocyanin and phenolic content of the berry in both seasons, again independent of application date, whereas cluster thinning was effective only in 2012. Crop thinning coupled with basal leaf removal resulted in an increased efficiency in anthocyanin accumulation in relation to TSS accumulation, expressed as anthocyanin:sugar, in both years. This is significant because it offers potential for vineyard management practices aiming to improve fruit quality in cool climates where the onset of anthocyanin accumulation could be reduced and decoupled from sugar accumulation

Smooth regional estimation of low-flow indices: physiographical space based interpolation and top-kriging

Recent studies highlight that spatial interpolation techniques of point data can be effectively applied to the problem of regionalization of hydrometric information. This study compares two innovative interpolation techniques for the prediction of low-flows in ungauged basins. The first one, named Physiographical-Space Based Interpolation (PSBI), performs the spatial interpolation of the desired streamflow index (e.g., annual streamflow, low-flow index, flood quantile, etc.) in the space of catchment descriptors. The second technique, named Topological kriging or Top-kriging, predicts the variable of interest along river networks taking both the area and nested nature of catchments into account. PSBI and Top-kriging are applied for the regionalization of &lt;i&gt;Q&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;355&lt;/sub&gt; (i.e., a low-flow index that indicates the streamflow that is equalled or exceeded 355 days in a year, on average) over a broad geographical region in central Italy, which contains 51 gauged catchments. The two techniques are cross-validated through a leave-one-out procedure at all available gauges and applied to a subregion to produce a continuous estimation of &lt;i&gt;Q&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;355&lt;/sub&gt; along the river network extracted from a 90m elevation model. The results of the study show that Top-kriging and PSBI present complementary features. Top-kriging outperforms PSBI at larger river branches while PSBI outperforms Top-kriging for headwater catchments. Overall, they have comparable performances (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies in cross-validation of 0.89 and 0.83, respectively). Both techniques provide plausible and accurate predictions of &lt;i&gt;Q&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;355&lt;/sub&gt; in ungauged basins and represent promising opportunities for regionalization of low-flows