Building Consensus Around the Assessment and Interpretation of Symbiodiniaceae Diversity

Within microeukaryotes, genetic variation and functional variation sometimes accumulate more quickly than morphological differences. To understand the evolutionary history and ecology of such lineages, it is key to examine diversity at multiple levels of organization. In the dinoflagellate family Symbiodiniaceae, which can form endosymbioses with cnidarians (e.g., corals, octocorals, sea anemones, jellyfish), other marine invertebrates (e.g., sponges, molluscs, flatworms), and protists (e.g., foraminifera), molecular data have been used extensively over the past three decades to describe phenotypes and to make evolutionary and ecological inferences. Despite advances in Symbiodiniaceae genomics, a lack of consensus among researchers with respect to interpreting genetic data has slowed progress in the field and acted as a barrier to reconciling observations. Here, we identify key challenges regarding the assessment and interpretation of Symbiodiniaceae genetic diversity across three levels: species, populations, and communities. We summarize areas of agreement and highlight techniques and approaches that are broadly accepted. In areas where debate remains, we identify unresolved issues and discuss technologies and approaches that can help to fill knowledge gaps related to genetic and phenotypic diversity. We also discuss ways to stimulate progress, in particular by fostering a more inclusive and collaborative research community. We hope that this perspective will inspire and accelerate coral reef science by serving as a resource to those designing experiments, publishing research, and applying for funding related to Symbiodiniaceae and their symbiotic partnerships

Asexual Reproduction of the Sea Anemone Exaiptasia Pallida Under Artificial Moonlight

Many cnidarians live in symbiosis with intracellular algae (dinoflagellates from the family Symbiodiniaceae), and are provided nutrition through photosynthesis; in exchange, cnidarians provide their algal symbionts with protection from predation. In the sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida (commonly referred to as ‘Aiptasia’), a model system for coral-symbiosis studies, planula larvae produced via sexual reproduction are initially aposymbiotic (without algae) and must obtain new algal symbionts each generation. In asexual reproduction, it is possible for pedal lacerates to acquire their algal symbionts from the parent. A previous study demonstrated that artificial moonlight can affect the rate of asexual reproduction in symbiotic Aiptasia, but it is unknown how asexual reproduction in aposymbiotic Aiptasia may differ. In this study, we hypothesized that the presence of algal symbionts and artificial moonlight together may enhance asexual reproduction in Aiptasia. We found that the rate of asexual reproduction in symbiotic anemones increased under blue light (artificial moonlight) but did not change under white light and no light. Meanwhile, the rate of asexual reproduction in aposymbiotic anemones did not considerably vary under the different light conditions. This study demonstrates how host reproduction is determined by the ability of photosynthetic endosymbionts to respond to light

RANCANGAN SISTEM PAKAR DIAGNOSA PENYAKIT PADA UDANG MENGGUNAKAN METODE FORWARD CHAINING BERBASIS WEB

The cultivation of vannamei shrimp has become the primary choice for shrimp farmers and breeders today. The superiority of this shrimp species lies in its resilience to stress and extreme weather conditions. However, the occurrence of diseases in cultivated shrimps remains a significant concern as it can lead to substantial losses if not properly addressed. This research aims to develop a web-based expert system to assist shrimp farmers and breeders in identifying the types of diseases affecting vannamei shrimp. The expert system employs the Forward Chaining method, allowing the system to infer and reach accurate disease diagnoses based on observed symptoms in the shrimp. The web-based nature of the system enables easy access for farmers and breeders through internet-connected devices. Utilizing PHP as the programming language and appserver as the database, the system gathers data provided by users about observed symptoms in the shrimp, subsequently performing inference to deliver precise diagnoses of potential diseases in vannamei shrimp. Leveraging the knowledge and expertise of fisheries experts, the system aims to provide more effective guidance in disease prevention and identification in vannamei shrimp. The expected outcome of this research is to contribute significantly to improving the management of vannamei shrimp cultivation, particularly in preventing and addressing diseases that may affect the shrimp. The expert system aims to empower farmers and breeders to swiftly recognize various diseases and take appropriate measures to maintain the health and productivity of vannamei shrimp cultivation

Changes in the Microbiome of the Sea Anemone Exaiptasia Diaphana During Bleaching From Short-Term Thermal Elevation

We examined the response of microbial communities in the model sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (Aiptasia) to short-term thermal elevation. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we characterized the microbiomes of symbiotic (with algal symbionts) and aposymbiotic (bleached) anemones under ambient (27°C) and heat-stressed (34°C) conditions for 8-10 days, using both replicated endpoint and non-replicated time-course approaches. Consistent with prior studies, we observed a stable abundance of bacteria from the families Alteromonadaceae and Rhodobacteraceae, though with wide variation among individual anemones. We observed that symbiotic state conferred a larger impact on the microbiome than heat stress, implying the microbiome may play a metabolic role in the maintenance of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. In particular, Pelobacter, an anaerobic sulfate reducer that is also a potential nitrogen fixer, was present only in symbiotic anemones, and its abundance decreased with initial exposure to 34°C, but recovered after 7 days. In aposymbiotic anemones, the added heat stress appeared to result in a large increase of rare bacterial taxa, which included potential pathogens such as Vibrio following bleaching. We also observed several archaea, the first reported for this model, but only in the seawater surrounding aposymbiotic Aiptasia, where abundance increased dramatically following heat stress. We further explored the diazotrophic (nitrogen fixation) potential of diverse bacteria associated with symbiotic and aposymbiotic Aiptasia, under both ambient and heat-stressed conditions, using nifH-PCR and qPCR and the acetylene reduction assay (ARA). In contrast to some stony corals, nifH was barely expressed in both anemone types, and under ambient conditions, diazotrophic activity was not detectable via ARA. Thus, although this research contributes to the growing knowledge of the bacterial community associated with a prominent model used in coral-symbiosis research, our results also suggest using caution when making direct comparisons between Aiptasia and different coral species in microbiome studies

TINJAUAN YURIDIS TERHADAP TINDAK PIDANA MENIKAH LAGI TANPA IZIN DARI PASANGAN PERKAWINAN SEBELUMNYA (Studi Kasus Putusan Nomor: 1416/Pid-B/2014/PN.MKS)

2016ANDI DETTIA ATI CAWA (B111 11 104) Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap \ud Tindak Pidana Menikah Lagi Tanpa Izin Dari Pasangan Perkawinan\ud Sebelumnya Studi Kasus Putusan Nomor: 1416/Pid-B/2014/Pn.Mks,\ud dibawah bimbingan Muhadar selaku Pembimbing I dan Haeranah selaku\ud Pembimbing II. \ud Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan hukum pidana\ud materil terhadap pelaku tindak pidana menikah lagi tanpa izin dari\ud pasangan perkawinan sebelumnya dan untuk mengetahui dasar\ud pertimbangan hukum hakim dalam menjatuhkan pidana terhadap pelaku\ud tindak pidana menikah lagi tanpa izin dari istri sebelumnya dalam putusan\ud perkara No 1416/Pid.B/2014/PN.MKS. \ud Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Pengadilan Negeri Makassar,\ud Perpustakaan Pusat Universitas Hasanuddin, dan Perpustakaan Fakultas\ud Hukum Universitas Hasanuddin. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian\ud ini adalah metode pendekatan yuridis normatif yakni dengan cara meneliti\ud bahan pustaka. Data yang diperoleh kemudian diolah dan dianalisis\ud berdasarkan rumusan masalah yang telah diterapkan sehingga diperoleh\ud gambaran yang jelas dan konkrit terhadap objek yang dibahas secara\ud kualitatif dan selanjutnya disajikan secara deskriptif yaitu menjelaskan,\ud menguraikan, dan menggambarkan sesuai dengan permasalahan yang\ud erat kaitanya dengan penelitian ini. \ud Berdasarkan pembahasan dan fakta maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan\ud bahwa (1) Penerapan hukum pidana materil pada Perkara No.\ud 1416/Pid.B/2014/PN.Mks adalah telah sesuai, dimana terdakwa didakwa\ud dengan dakwaan alternatif. Adapun dakwaan pertama yakni sebagaimana\ud diatur dalam Pasal 279 ayat (1) ke-1 KUHP untuk Terdakwa I dan Pasal\ud 279 ayat (1) ke-2 KUHP untuk Terdakwa II berdasarkan fakta-fakta\ud persidangan diketahui bahwa perbuatan para terdakwa telah memenuhi\ud keseluruhan unsur-unsur yang telah didakwaakan pada mereka pada\ud dakwaan pertama. (2) Dasar pertimbangan hakim dalam menjatuhkan\ud putusan terhadap para terdakwa adalah didasarkan pada alat bukti\ud sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 184 ayat (1) KUHAP yang membuktikan\ud bahwa benar telah terjadi perkawinan untuk kedua kalinya tanpa izin dari\ud pasangan sebelumnya salah satu terdakwa sebagai dasar pertimbangan\ud hukum hakim bersifat yuridis selain itu hakim menganggap terdakwa I\ud yang merupakan anggota Polri seharusnya menjadi panutan dan untuk\ud Terdakwa II hakim menganggap apa yang di lakukannya dapat\ud mencederai perasaaan kaum wanita dan para istri hal ini menjadi\ud pertimbangan non yuridis dari hakim sehingga hakim memvonis pidana\ud penjara 1 (satu) tahun

Building consensus around the assessment and interpretation of Symbiodiniaceae diversity

Within microeukaryotes, genetic variation and functional variation sometimes accumulate more quickly than morphological differences. To understand the evolutionary history and ecology of such lineages, it is key to examine diversity at multiple levels of organization. In the dinoflagellate family Symbiodiniaceae, which can form endosymbioses with cnidarians (e.g., corals, octocorals, sea anemones, jellyfish), other marine invertebrates (e.g., sponges, molluscs, flatworms), and protists (e.g., foraminifera), molecular data have been used extensively over the past three decades to describe phenotypes and to make evolutionary and ecological inferences. Despite advances in Symbiodiniaceae genomics, a lack of consensus among researchers with respect to interpreting genetic data has slowed progress in the field and acted as a barrier to reconciling observations. Here, we identify key challenges regarding the assessment and interpretation of Symbiodiniaceae genetic diversity across three levels: species, populations, and communities. We summarize areas of agreement and highlight techniques and approaches that are broadly accepted. In areas where debate remains, we identify unresolved issues and discuss technologies and approaches that can help to fill knowledge gaps related to genetic and phenotypic diversity. We also discuss ways to stimulate progress, in particular by fostering a more inclusive and collaborative research community. We hope that this perspective will inspire and accelerate coral reef science by serving as a resource to those designing experiments, publishing research, and applying for funding related to Symbiodiniaceae and their symbiotic partnerships.journal articl

Building consensus around the assessment and interpretation of Symbiodiniaceae diversity

Within microeukaryotes, genetic variation and functional variation sometimes accumulate more quickly than morphological differences. To understand the evolutionary history and ecology of such lineages, it is key to examine diversity at multiple levels of organization. In the dinoflagellate family Symbiodiniaceae, which can form endosymbioses with cnidarians (e.g., corals, octocorals, sea anemones, jellyfish), other marine invertebrates (e.g., sponges, molluscs, flatworms), and protists (e.g., foraminifera), molecular data have been used extensively over the past three decades to describe phenotypes and to make evolutionary and ecological inferences. Despite advances in Symbiodiniaceae genomics, a lack of consensus among researchers with respect to interpreting genetic data has slowed progress in the field and acted as a barrier to reconciling observations. Here, we identify key challenges regarding the assessment and interpretation of Symbiodiniaceae genetic diversity across three levels: species, populations, and communities. We summarize areas of agreement and highlight techniques and approaches that are broadly accepted. In areas where debate remains, we identify unresolved issues and discuss technologies and approaches that can help to fill knowledge gaps related to genetic and phenotypic diversity. We also discuss ways to stimulate progress, in particular by fostering a more inclusive and collaborative research community. We hope that this perspective will inspire and accelerate coral reef science by serving as a resource to those designing experiments, publishing research, and applying for funding related to Symbiodiniaceae and their symbiotic partnerships

Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Background: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of tocilizumab in adult patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 with both hypoxia and systemic inflammation. Methods: This randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), is assessing several possible treatments in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in the UK. Those trial participants with hypoxia (oxygen saturation <92% on air or requiring oxygen therapy) and evidence of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein ≥75 mg/L) were eligible for random assignment in a 1:1 ratio to usual standard of care alone versus usual standard of care plus tocilizumab at a dose of 400 mg–800 mg (depending on weight) given intravenously. A second dose could be given 12–24 h later if the patient's condition had not improved. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality, assessed in the intention-to-treat population. The trial is registered with ISRCTN (50189673) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04381936). Findings: Between April 23, 2020, and Jan 24, 2021, 4116 adults of 21 550 patients enrolled into the RECOVERY trial were included in the assessment of tocilizumab, including 3385 (82%) patients receiving systemic corticosteroids. Overall, 621 (31%) of the 2022 patients allocated tocilizumab and 729 (35%) of the 2094 patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days (rate ratio 0·85; 95% CI 0·76–0·94; p=0·0028). Consistent results were seen in all prespecified subgroups of patients, including those receiving systemic corticosteroids. Patients allocated to tocilizumab were more likely to be discharged from hospital within 28 days (57% vs 50%; rate ratio 1·22; 1·12–1·33; p<0·0001). Among those not receiving invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, patients allocated tocilizumab were less likely to reach the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilation or death (35% vs 42%; risk ratio 0·84; 95% CI 0·77–0·92; p<0·0001). Interpretation: In hospitalised COVID-19 patients with hypoxia and systemic inflammation, tocilizumab improved survival and other clinical outcomes. These benefits were seen regardless of the amount of respiratory support and were additional to the benefits of systemic corticosteroids. Funding: UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council) and National Institute of Health Research

Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial

Background: Many patients with COVID-19 have been treated with plasma containing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Methods: This randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]) is assessing several possible treatments in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 177 NHS hospitals from across the UK. Eligible and consenting patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either usual care alone (usual care group) or usual care plus high-titre convalescent plasma (convalescent plasma group). The primary outcome was 28-day mortality, analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936. Findings: Between May 28, 2020, and Jan 15, 2021, 11558 (71%) of 16287 patients enrolled in RECOVERY were eligible to receive convalescent plasma and were assigned to either the convalescent plasma group or the usual care group. There was no significant difference in 28-day mortality between the two groups: 1399 (24%) of 5795 patients in the convalescent plasma group and 1408 (24%) of 5763 patients in the usual care group died within 28 days (rate ratio 1·00, 95% CI 0·93–1·07; p=0·95). The 28-day mortality rate ratio was similar in all prespecified subgroups of patients, including in those patients without detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at randomisation. Allocation to convalescent plasma had no significant effect on the proportion of patients discharged from hospital within 28 days (3832 [66%] patients in the convalescent plasma group vs 3822 [66%] patients in the usual care group; rate ratio 0·99, 95% CI 0·94–1·03; p=0·57). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at randomisation, there was no significant difference in the proportion of patients meeting the composite endpoint of progression to invasive mechanical ventilation or death (1568 [29%] of 5493 patients in the convalescent plasma group vs 1568 [29%] of 5448 patients in the usual care group; rate ratio 0·99, 95% CI 0·93–1·05; p=0·79). Interpretation: In patients hospitalised with COVID-19, high-titre convalescent plasma did not improve survival or other prespecified clinical outcomes. Funding: UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council) and National Institute of Health Research