Influence of chemical reaction kinetics on electrokinetic remediation modelling results

A numerical model describing transport of multiple species and chemical reactions during electrokinetic treatment is presented. The transport mechanisms included in the model were electromigration and electroosmosis. The chemical reactions taken into account were water electrolysis at the electrodes, aqueous species complexation, precipitation, and dissolution. The model was applied to simulate experimental data from an acid-enhanced electrokinetic treatment of a Pb-contaminated calcareous soil. The kinetics of the main pH buffering process (i.e., calcite dissolution) was taken into account and its time-dependent behavior was described by a rate law. The influence of kinetics was evaluated by comparing the results from a set of simulations in which calcite dissolution was implemented considering thermodynamic equilibrium and another set in which the same reaction was described by the rate law. The results show that the prediction capability of the model significantly improves when the kinetic rate is taken into account.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Modeling of Electrokinetic Remediation Combining Local Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical Reaction Kinetics

A mathematical model for reactive-transport processes in porous media is presented. The modeled system includes diffusion, electromigration and electroosmosis as the most relevant transport mechanism and water electrolysis at the electrodes, aqueous species complexation, precipitation and dissolution as the chemical reactions taken place during the treatment time. The model is based on the local chemical equilibrium for most of the reversible chemical reactions occurring in the process. As a novel enhancement of previous models, the local chemical equilibrium reactive-transport model is combined with the solution of the transient equations for the kinetics of those chemical reactions that have representative rates in the same order than the transport mechanisms. The model is validated by comparison of simulation and experimental results for an acid- enhanced electrokinetic treatment of a real Pb-contaminated calcareous soil. The kinetics of the main pH buffering process, the calcite dissolution, was defined by a simplified empirical kinetic law. Results show that the evaluation of kinetic rate entails a significant improvement of the model prediction capability.This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 778045. Part of this work was supported financially by the European Commission within the project LIFE12 ENV/IT/442 SEKRET “Sediment electrokinetic remediation technology for heavy metal pollution removal”. Paz-Garcia acknowledges the financial support from the “Proyecto Puente - Plan Propio de Investigación y Transferencia de la Universidad de Málaga”, code: PPIT.UMA.B5.2018/17. Villen-Guzman acknowledges the financial support from the University of Malaga through a postdoctoral contract

What a Difference a Critical Election Makes:Social Networks and Political Discussion in Italy Between 2008 and 2013

This article offers an analysis of the factors associated with frequency of political discussion among representative samples of Italian voters during the general election campaigns of 2008 and 2013. This diachronic comparison allows us to assess how political discussion was shaped in two campaigns characterized by widely different opinion climates, with the 2013 one marked by widespread political disaffection. Our findings show that political discussion notably increased in 2013 and the factors driving political conversations changed substantially. Whereas in 2008 those who voted out of protest and were part of politically homogeneous groups were less likely to talk about politics than the rest of the sample, in 2013 the interaction between protest voting and network homogeneity strongly boosted political discussion

Economía de la educación

Desde hace un tiempo la educación ingresó en el territorio estudiado por la economía. La verdad es que ésta nunca la ignoró del todo; el hecho nuevo reside en que la educación se haya convertido en el objeto de un estudio sistemático en el campo económico. Una mirada crítica con vistas hacia nuevas y mejores propuestas debe ser el motor o valuarte del profesional de la Educación. En este contexto la Economía de la Educación debe considerar todos los temas de una formación básica en economía., proporcionando los conceptos básicos a quienes, tal vez, acceden por primera vez al tema. Dado que se trata de una introducción a la materia, estas nociones deben enfocar a la formación del alumno fundamentalmente al "saber hacer", es decir, formar personas capaces de resolver problemas concretos dentro del ámbito educativo. Los objetivos son presentar un panorama general del sistema económico; identificar los componentes de la asignación de recursos aplicada a la escasez; reconocer los agregados macroeconómicos; incorporar la evaluación econcómica de proyectos educativos; abordar el financiamiento como una herramienta para la toma de decisiones y al presupuesto como instrumento de financiamiento públic

MeSH: what’s new for 2016

Abstrac

Localization of nuclear actin in nuclear lipid microdomains of liver and hepatoma cells: Possible involvement of sphingomyelin metabolism

Nuclear actin has been implicated in different nuclear functions. In this work, its localization in nuclear membrane, chromatin and nuclear lipid microdomains was investigated. The implication of sphingomyelin metabolism was studied. Nuclear membrane, chromatin and nuclear lipid microdomains were purified from hepatocyte nuclei and H35 human hepatoma cell nuclei. The presence of \u3b2-actin was analyzed with immunoblotting by using specific antibodies. Sphingomyelinase, sphingomyelin-synthase, and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C activities were assayed by using radioactivity sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine as substrate. The results showed that \u3b2-actin is localized in nuclear lipid microdomains and it increases in cancer cells. Evidence is provided to the difference of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin metabolism in various subnuclear fractions of cancer cell nuclei compared with normal cells. Our findings show increase of sphingomyelin-synthase and inhibition of sphingomyelinase activity only in nuclear lipid microdomains. Nuclear lipid microdomains, constituted by phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, play a role as platform for \u3b2-actin anchoring. Possible role of sphingomyelin metabolism in cancer cells is discussed

Where has the protest gone? Populist attitudes and electoral flows in Italian political turmoil

What happens when anti-establishment political actors gain strength, enter institutions, and even become the new establishment? To what extent are their elec -toral profiles a nd t he d emands b ehind t hem n ormalised b y t he s ystem? Th is ar ticle uses ITANES surveys to investigate voters’ reactions to the different paths taken by the three main protagonists of the 2016-2020 Italian populist wave: the M5S, the Lega, and FDI. In particular, it uses panel data to study the evolution of populist attitudes and protest drivers, as well as their connection with el ectoral flows a nd p arties’ s trategic choices. The m ost s triking c hange c oncerns t he r edefinition of th e po litical ou tlook of 5-star voters, who have significantly reduced their populist stances. However, the trans-formation of the M5S into a government party produced significant o utflows of vo t-ers who already in 2016 expressed greater resentment towards political elites. Thesedynamics have largely favoured parties of the populist right – the Lega and then espe-cially FDI – which have preserved or even re inforced their (electoral) profile a s a nti-establishment parties