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Artikel i Gäller stam, suffix och ord. Festskrift till Martin Gellerstam den 15 oktober 2001. (Meijerbergs arkiv för svensk ordforskning 29.

Health effects of protein intake in healthy elderly populations: a systematic literature review

The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the evidence behind the dietary requirement of protein and to assess the health effects of varying protein intake in healthy elderly persons in order to evaluate the evidence for an optimal protein intake. The literature search covered year 2000-2011. Prospective cohort, case-control, and intervention studies of a general healthy population in settings similar to the Nordic countries with protein intake from food-based sources were included. Out of a total of 301 abstracts, 152 full papers were identified as potentially relevant. After careful scrutiny, 23 papers were quality graded as A (highest, n = 1), B (n = 18), or C (n = 4). The grade of evidence was classified as convincing, probable, suggestive, or inconclusive. The evidence is assessed as: probable for an estimated average requirement (EAR) of 0.66 g good-quality protein/kg body weight (BW)/day based on nitrogen balance (N-balance) studies and the subsequent recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of 0.83 g good-quality protein/kg BW/day representing the minimum dietary protein needs of virtually all healthy elderly persons. Regarding the optimal level of protein related to functional outcomes like maintenance of bone mass, muscle mass, and strength, as well as for morbidity and mortality, the evidence is ranging from suggestive to inconclusive. Results from particularly prospective cohort studies suggest a safe intake of up to at least 1.2-1.5 g protein/kg BW/day or approximately 15-20 E%. Overall, many of the included prospective cohort studies were difficult to fully evaluate since results mainly were obtained by food frequency questionnaires that were flawed by underreported intakes, although some studies were 'calibrated' to correct for under-or over-reporting. In conclusion, the evidence is assessed as probable regarding the EAR based on N-balance studies and suggestive to inconclusive regarding an optimal protein intake higher than the estimated RDA assessed from N-balance studies, but an exact level cannot be determined. Potentially adverse effects of a protein intake exceeding 20-23 E% remain to be investigated

Type II spiral ganglion afferent neurons drive medial olivocochlear reflex suppression of the cochlear amplifier.

The dynamic adjustment of hearing sensitivity and frequency selectivity is mediated by the medial olivocochlear efferent reflex, which suppresses the gain of the 'cochlear amplifier' in each ear. Such efferent feedback is important for promoting discrimination of sounds in background noise, sound localization and protecting the cochleae from acoustic overstimulation. However, the sensory driver for the olivocochlear reflex is unknown. Here, we resolve this longstanding question using a mouse model null for the gene encoding the type III intermediate filament peripherin (Prph). Prph((-/-)) mice lacked type II spiral ganglion neuron innervation of the outer hair cells, whereas innervation of the inner hair cells by type I spiral ganglion neurons was normal. Compared with Prph((+/+)) controls, both contralateral and ipsilateral olivocochlear efferent-mediated suppression of the cochlear amplifier were absent in Prph((-/-)) mice, demonstrating that outer hair cells and their type II afferents constitute the sensory drive for the olivocochlear efferent reflex

Small-signal model for saturated deep-bar induction machines

A small-signal model is presented for saturated deep-bar induction machines. Inductances are allowed to saturate as a function of their own current (or flux), and the mutual saturation effect originating mainly from closed or skewed rotor slots is also included in the model. The model fulfills the reciprocity conditions, and it can applied to parameter estimation and to the analysis and development of flux angle estimation methods. The model is applied to estimating the parameters of a 37-kW deep-bar cage-induction machine, using the data from time-stepping finite-element analysis (FEA). The proposed model fits very well to the FEA data in a wide frequency range.Peer reviewe

Dietary Magnesium May Be Protective for Aging of Bone and Skeletal Muscle in Middle and Younger Older Age Men and Women: Cross-Sectional Findings from the UK Biobank Cohort.

Although fragility fractures, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and frailty are becoming more prevalent in our aging society the treatment options are limited and preventative strategies are needed. Despite magnesium being integral to bone and muscle physiology, the relationship between dietary magnesium and skeletal muscle and bone health has not been investigated concurrently to date. We analysed cross-sectional associations between dietary magnesium and skeletal muscle mass (as fat free mass-FFM), grip strength, and bone density (BMD) in 156,575 men and women aged 39-72 years from the UK Biobank cohort. FFM was measured with bioelectrical impedance and was expressed as the percentage of body weight (FFM%) or as divided by body mass index (FFMBMI). Adjusted mean grip strength, FFM%, FFMBMI, and BMD were calculated according to quintiles of dietary magnesium, while correcting for covariates. Significant inter-quintile differences across intakes of magnesium existed in men and women, respectively, of 1.1% and 2.4% for grip strength, 3.0% and 3.6% for FFM%, 5.1% and 5.5% for FFMBMI, and 2.9% and 0.9% for BMD. These associations are as great or greater than annual measured losses of these musculoskeletal outcomes, indicating potential clinical significance. Our study suggests that dietary magnesium may play a role in musculoskeletal health and has relevance for population prevention strategies for sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and fractures

Shining a light on the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the brain: The relationship between cerebral blood flow parameters and cognition

Higher dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) is associated with better cognitive function in older adults and reduced incidence of dementia. One potential mechanism underpinning this relationship is via modulation of cerebrovascular parameters and therefore increasingly, neuroimaging techniques such as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and fMRI have been applied to investigate the effect of n-3 PUFAs on cerebral blood flow in humans. These studies have revealed that n-3 PUFA supplementation has subtle effects on cerebral blood flow which may indeed underpin the positive relationship between their intake and cognition across the lifespan; at present these changes are more apparent in children and younger adults

Statistical characteristics of L1 carrier phase observations from four low-cost GPS receivers

Statistical properties of L1 carrier phase observations from four low-cost GPS receivers are investigated through a case study. The observations are collected on a zero baseline with a frequency of 1 Hz and processed with a double difference model. The carrier phase residuals from an ambiguity fixed solution and zero baseline coordinate components computed on an epoch-by-epoch basis are used for accessing the statistical properties of the observations. Graphical statistical methods are used for characterizing the statistical properties. For each type of receiver, the residuals have a sample mean value close to zero and the sample variance is time invariant. The residuals from one type of receiver deviate from being normally distributed, whereas the residuals from the remaining receivers are close to being normally distributed. Two of the receivers deliver uncorrelated carrier phase observations. Some of the carrier phase observations from the other two receivers are serially correlated. The correlation is receiver specific and is related to the individual channels of the receivers

Europeanization of domestic civil society organizations

Europeanization has become a key concept to changes due to transfer of competences to EU level. While extensive research has been performed on institutional dynamics and also on the rise of private interest representation at EU-level, little is said about domestic civil society organizations (CSOs) and their integration in EU politics. By zooming out of Brussels we come to realize that also domestic CSOs are starting to recognize the importance of engaging in EU politics. By applying two of the few existing theoretical frameworks dealing with Europeanization of domestic organizations on two cases were domestic CSOs are engaging in EU politics, namely the debate over licensed hunt on wolfs and the question if non-profit organizations should be allowed to be exempted from paying and register VAT or not, this study aimed at contribute to theory development. From the cases studies we could see that domestic CSOs were using a multitude of strategies when engaging in EU politics taking place at both domestic and EU level. The study emphasizes that one must recognize both vertical and horizontal interactions. When doing this it becomes obvious that domestic CSOs can shape alliances with both institutional actors, other CSOs and EU based CSOs to compensate for lack of resources and EU competence. The CSOs are learning and building competences of how to engage in EU politics from a national level. By networking and using alternative strategies also domestic CSOs has proven important actors in EU politics in my two cases. Actions at both levels were intertwined and therefore when trying to predict the Europeanization of domestic CSOs one must go about such predictions carefully and with respect for the multitude of factors that come into play in such a process

Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group.

The aging process is associated with gradual and progressive loss of muscle mass along with lowered strength and physical endurance. This condition, sarcopenia, has been widely observed with aging in sedentary adults. Regular aerobic and resistance exercise programs have been shown to counteract most aspects of sarcopenia. In addition, good nutrition, especially adequate protein and energy intake, can help limit and treat age-related declines in muscle mass, strength, and functional abilities. Protein nutrition in combination with exercise is considered optimal for maintaining muscle function. With the goal of providing recommendations for health care professionals to help older adults sustain muscle strength and function into older age, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) hosted a Workshop on Protein Requirements in the Elderly, held in Dubrovnik on November 24 and 25, 2013. Based on the evidence presented and discussed, the following recommendations are made (a) for healthy older people, the diet should provide at least 1.0-1.2 g protein/kg body weight/day, (b) for older people who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition because they have acute or chronic illness, the diet should provide 1.2-1.5 g protein/kg body weight/day, with even higher intake for individuals with severe illness or injury, and (c) daily physical activity or exercise (resistance training, aerobic exercise) should be undertaken by all older people, for as long as possible