Criminal Procedure—Supreme Court Narrows Scope of Summary Procedures in Federal Criminal Contempt Convictions

Under its power to supervise the administration of justice in the federal courts, the Supreme Court has severely circumscribed the use of summary proceedings to punish for contempt of court

Klinische erfahrungen und angiomyographische Kontrolle mit einem neuen Glutisal-buton-versuchspraparat

Die Autoren haben uber ihre Erfahrungen mit dem neuen Glutisal- Versuchspraparat - einer Kombination von Salicylamid und Dimethyl- aminophenyldimethylpyrazolon im Zusammenhang mit der Behandlung von 350 Patienten berichtet. Es wurden vor und wahrend der Behandlung instrumentell die Schmerzempfindlichkeit, die Funktion der quergestreiften Muskulatur (Tonus und Kontraktionsamplitude), Kreislauf, Nerven- und Gelenkfunk· tion mit dem Myotonometer und Angioneuromyographen (nach SZIRMAI), Oszillometer, Oszillographen, Angiometer registriert. Es wurde die Harn- saureausscheidung bei Gichtfallen registriert. Die Autoren fanden, da&#946; das Praparat die Erkaltungen, verschiedene rheumatische Erkrankungen sowie Gicht gunstig beeinflusst. Die Vertra- glichkeit war sehr gut.</p

Exp&#233;riments h&#233;matologiques nucl&#233;aires complementaires apr&#233;s irradiation totale

Les auteurs out effectue apr&#232;s une irradiation totale de 1200r de rats blancs des deux sexes des examens h&#233;matologiques &#224; la suite d'irradiations ainsi que des examens physiologiques et des contr&#244;les. Ils n'ont observe de modification importante des facteurs coagulants qu'au troisieme jour; cette modification &#233;tait maximum avant la mort, c'est-&#224;-dire au stade terminal. Les temps de coagulation naturelle ont beaucoup diminu&#233;, de m&#234;me que ceux de la thrombine et ceux de la thrombine avec le bleu de toluidine, c'est-&#224;-dire que l'h&#233;parine lib&#233;r&#233;e ( = antithrombine semblable &#224; l'h&#233;parine) a diminue. Pour les facteurs V et VII et en particulier pour la prothrombine on a observe un fort accroissement de la concentration. Les auteurs pensent que ceci est explicable par le fait que la d&#233;composition des tissus pendant l'irradiation entraine la lib&#233;ration de kinase et d'autres activateurs dans la circulation sanguine, ce qui provoque une anoxemie des tissus. D'autres exp&#233;riences sont en cours en collaboration avec de nombreux sp&#233;cialistes et instituts.</p

Forehead Skin Blood Flow in Normal Neonates during Active and Quiet Sleep, Measured with a Diode Laser Doppler Instrument

Changes in forehead skin blood flow during active and quiet sleep were determined in 16 healthy neonates using a recently developed semi-conductor laser Doppler flow meter without light conducting fibres. Measurements were carried out at a postnatal age varying from 5 hours to 7 days. The two sleep states could be distinguished in 17 recordings. The mean skin blood flow values during active sleep were significantly higher (p<0.01) than those during quiet sleep, the mean increase being 28.1%. The variability of the flow signal, expressed as the coefficient of variation, changed significantly from 23.1% during active sleep to 18.2% during quiet sleep

Immigrant reproductive dysfunction facilitates ecological speciation

The distributions of species are not only determined by where they can survive – they must also be able to reproduce. Although immigrant inviability is a well-established concept, the fact that immigrants also need to be able to effectively reproduce in foreign environments has not been fully appreciated in the study of adaptive divergence and speciation. Fertilization and reproduction are sensitive life-history stages that could be detrimentally affected for immigrants in non-native habitats. We propose that “immigrant reproductive dysfunction” is a hitherto overlooked aspect of reproductive isolation caused by natural selection on immigrants. This idea is supported by results from experiments on an externally fertilizing fish (sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus). Growth and condition of adults were not affected by non-native salinity whereas males spawning as immigrants had lower sperm motility and hatching success than residents. We interpret these results as evidence for local adaptation or acclimation of sperm, and possibly also components of paternal care. The resulting loss in fitness, which we call “immigrant reproductive dysfunction,” has the potential to reduce gene flow between populations with locally adapted reproduction, and it may play a role in species distributions and speciation

Långhorningar i mindre hackspetthabitat : en feromonbaserad inventering av långhorningar i södra Sverige

The understanding of species’ ecology and their trophic interactions, are crucial in the work of conservation. A population decline in a predatory species may be a result of a decline in their food source, a trophic level down. Then an understanding of why the predator’s food source has declined is needed, to be able to pinpoint conservation actions. In Swedish forests one such trophic interaction is between dead wood, saproxylic insects and woodpeckers. Modern forestry of clear cuttings and monoculture plantations of coniferous trees, has changed many Swedish forests to be less diverse in tree species, age classes of trees, types of dead wood, denser and hence also deficits in dead deciduous wood. As a result, insects in Swedish forests have declined. Most longhorn beetle species (Cerambycidae) larvae are saproxylic and have different niches. Niches such as specific host trees, age classes of trees, types of wood and different succession stages of decomposed dead wood. Of the 118 species of longhorn beetles in Sweden, 46 were red listed in the 2020 Swedish red list evaluation. Lesser spotted woodpecker (Dryobates minor) is a small woodpecker preferring open broadleaf forests. Between 1975-1991 the Swedish population decreased by approximately 50% and today D. minor is classified as Near Threatened, according to the 2020 Swedish red list evaluation. Studies in southern Sweden have shown that the most important factor influencing reproduction success in D. minor is the prey density several weeks to months before breeding. During that time they feed on wood living insect larvae, mainly in dead thin twigs on living deciduous trees. Longhorn beetle larvae and pupae are probably the most important food source. In order to understand why D. minor is threatened, their food source has to be understood as well. In this study I used pheromone traps to monitor longhorn beetles in 34 areas between May-July, in the counties of Skåne, Blekinge, Småland and Västergötland in southern Sweden. Pheromone-based trapping is an effective method to monitor otherwise elusive species and in this study pheromone blends attracting mainly Pyrrhidium sanguineum, Phymatodes testaceus, Poecilium alni and Plagionotus arcuatus were used. The areas monitored in this study, had been inventoried 2019-2020 by “project lesser spotted woodpecker at Lund University”, giving occurrence information about D. minor. In this study I found no differences in longhorn beetle abundance or longhorn beetle biodiversity between areas inhabited or uninhabited by D. minor. Hence, no evidence was found that D. minor habitat choice depend on the longhorn beetles studied. A strong positive association was, however, seen between P. sanguineum and P. alni and large dissimilarities between P. testaceus and P. alni as well as between P. sanguineum and Anaglyptus mysticus. These associations between the species could perhaps be used in future identification of indicator species. I also found a negative correlation between the biodiversity of longhorn beetles and increasing latitudes, but the factors affecting longhorn beetles are not clear. Lastly, several new localities with red listed species were found and my findings suggest that P. sanguineum, P. alni and perhaps also A. mysticus distributions are underestimated

Utvärdering av reproduktiv prestationsförmåga och påverkande skötselfaktorer hos mjölkkor hållna i småskalig produktion i Tadjikistan

Tajikistan is classed as a lower-middle-income country with 1/3 of its population living in poverty, facing several challenges restraining its development. One contributing factor of restraining the development is the low level of income – individually and nationally. Agriculture constitutes a substantial percentage of the GDP of Tajikistan, and dairy production is important for the agricultural economic gain of the country. However, 95% of the dairy cows are held under smallholder conditions and dairy production levels are low in Tajikistan, both compared to high-income and neighbouring countries. With reproductive performance being a main pillar of a high-yielding dairy production, studies aiming at evaluating and improving reproductive performance would inarguably be beneficial to increase production in the country. No such studies have, to the author’s knowledge, previously been conducted in Tajikistan. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the reproductive- performance and management of smallholder dairy cows in Tajikistan. 70 farms and 88 individual cows were included in the study, distributed in 5 different districts around the capital Dushanbe. The study was performed by 1) interviewing the farmers regarding management routines with possible effects on reproduction and 2) performing a clinical evaluation on individual cows to assess the reproductive performance and occurrence of clinical disorders possibly affecting it. This clinical evaluation consisted of a reproductive and general anamnesis, a general observation of 6 parameters including Body Condition Scores (BCS), examination of the udder and milk, vaginal inspection and rectal palpation. If needed cow-side milk-progesterone test was also performed. The criteria to be included in the study was to have a farm with <20 dairy cows and for examined animals to be female cows with a history of ≥1 calf and ≥20 days postpartum. Results showed that the reproductive performance was affected with the most prominent challenge being a high proportion of cows with prolonged days open, leading to a prolonged calving interval and consequently production and economic losses. Prolonged days open was seen both in cows with a healthy, cyclic reproductive tract and in cows with the reproductive disorder of dominance: anoestrous. The general health of the cows was good with few overt signs of clinical disease. However, a majority of the cows had an abnormally low BCS and the cows with BCS 1 were significantly (p<0.009) less likely to be pregnant that cows with BCS 3. There was also a substantial mismatch regarding anamnestic statements and subsequent clinical findings, indicating possible gaps in management. In deed, interview answers revealed several basic management factors possibly contributing to the reduced performance and anoestrous. In conclusion, a reproductive inefficiency seems to be evident in the investigated cows in Tajikistan, leaving room for improvement in the management factors that may contribute to its existence. Improvement could lead to productive, nutritional and socioeconomic gains. However, the means to implement improvement need further investigation - even if the current results contain clues as to where one might start.Tadjikistan är klassificerat som ett låg-medelinkomst land med en befolkning där 1/3 lever i fattigdom och landet står inför flera utmaningar för att kunna utvecklas. En bidragande faktor som hämmar utvecklingen är den låga inkomst-nivån, både på individuell och nationell nivå. Jordbruket utgör en väsentlig andel av Tadjikistans BNP, där boskapshållning och mjölkproduktion i stor utsträckning bidrar till jordbrukets ekonomiska vinning. Trots det upptar småskaliga gårdar 95 % av jordbruket i landet och produktionsnivåerna är låga – både i jämförelse med höginkomstländer och grannländer. En viktig grundförutsättning för en effektiv mjölkproduktion är en fungerande reproduktion och studier med mål att utvärdera och förbättra reproduktionen hos mjölkkorna vore fördelaktiga för att öka produktionen i landet. Inga sådana studier har, i författarens vetskap, utförts tidigare i Tadjikistan. Därför var målet med denna studie att utvärdera den reproduktiva prestationsförmågan och skötselfaktorer som kan påverka denna hos mjölkkor i småskalig produktion i Tadjikistan. 70 gårdar och 88 individuella kor från 5 olika distrikt runt huvudstaden Dushanbe inkluderades i studien. Den genomfördes genom att 1) intervjua lantbrukarna angående skötselfaktorer som kan påverka reproduktionen och 2) kliniskt utvärdera individuella kor angående den reproduktiva prestationsförmågan samt förekomsten av kliniska störningar som kan påverka den. Den kliniska utvärderingen bestod av en generell samt en reproduktionsinriktad anamnes, en allmän observation av 6 olika parametrar inklusive Body Condition Score (BCS), undersökning av juver och mjölk, yttre inspektion av vagina och rektal palpation. Vid behov gjordes även ett progesteronprov från mjölken. För att inkluderas i studien krävdes att gården hade <20 mjölkkor och att undersökta djur, förutom att vara honor, även haft ≥1 kalv och var ≥20 dagar postpartum. Resultaten visade en påverkad reproduktiv prestationsförmåga, där främsta utmaningen var att en stor andel av korna hade ett förlängt intervall mellan kalvning och nästa dräktighet. Det leder oundvikligen till ett förlängt kalvningsintervall med både ekonomiska och produktionsmässiga förluster som konsekvens. Det förlängda intervallet mellan kalvning och dräktighet sågs både hos korna som var kliniskt friska med en normal cyklicitet och hos korna som hade den dominerande reproduktionsstörningen i studien: anöstrus. Kornas generella hälsa visade få kliniska tecken på sjukdom. Däremot hade en majoritet av korna onormalt låga BCS och kor med BCS 1 hade en signifikant (p<0,009) lägre sannolikhet att vara dräktiga än kor med BCS 3. Dessutom visades att anamnestiska uppgifter från lantbrukaren ofta inte stämde överens med påföljande kliniska fynd, vilket skulle kunna peka på brister i skötselrutinerna. I enlighet med detta visade intervjuerna brister i flera grundläggande skötselfaktorer som potentiellt kan bidra till den påverkade reproduktiva prestationsförmågan och prevalensen av anöstrus. Sammanfattningsvis verkar det finnas en ineffektivitet i reproduktionen hos korna i Tadjikistan, där flera påvisade skötselfaktorer kan vara en del av förklaringen och skulle kunna förbättras. En effektivare reproduktion vore positiv då det kan leda till ökade produktionsnivåer, förbättrade socio-ekonomiska faktorer och bättre livsmedelsproduktion. Hur man bäst går tillväga för att nå en sådan förbättring kräver vidare undersökningar, även om dessa resultat kan ge ledtrådar i var man kan påbörja arbetet

Regulation of pregnane-X-receptor, CYP3A and P-glycoprotein genes in the PCB-resistant killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) population from New Bedford Harbor

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2014. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Aquatic Toxicology 159 (2015): 198-207, doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.12.010.Killifish survive and reproduce in the New Bedford Harbor (NBH) in Massachusetts (MA), USA, a site severely contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) for decades. Levels of 22 different PCB congeners were analyzed in liver from killifish collected in 2008. Concentrations of dioxin-like PCBs in liver of NBH killifish were ~400 times higher, and the levels of non-dioxin-like PCBs ~3000 times higher than in killifish from a reference site, Scorton Creek (SC), MA. The NBH killifish are known to be resistant to the toxicity of dioxin-like compounds and to have a reduced aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling response. Little is known about the responses of these fish to non-dioxin-like PCBs, which are at extraordinarily high levels in NBH fish. In mammals, some non-dioxin-like PCB congeners act through nuclear receptor 1I2, the pregnane-X-receptor (PXR). To explore this pathway in killifish, a PXR cDNA was sequenced and its molecular phylogenetic relationship to other vertebrate PXRs was determined. Killifish were also collected in 2009 from NBH and SC, and after four months in the laboratory they were injected with a single dose of either the dioxin-like PCB 126 (an AhR agonist) or the non-dioxin-like PCB 153 (a mammalian PXR agonist). Gills and liver were sampled three days after injection and transcript levels of PXR, cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A), P-glycoprotein (Pgp), AhR2 and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) were measured by quantitative PCR. As expected, there was little effect of PCB exposure on AhR2 or CYP1A in liver and gills of NBH fish. In NBH fish, but not in SC fish, there was increased expression of hepatic PXR, CYP3A and Pgp genes upon exposure to either of the two PCB congeners. However, basal PXR and Pgp mRNA levels in liver of NBH fish were significantly lower than in SC fish. A different pattern was seen in gills, where there were no differences in basal expression of these genes between the two populations. In SC fish, but not in NBH fish, there was increased expression of branchial PXR and CYP3A upon exposure to PCB126 and of CYP3A upon exposure to PCB153. The results suggest a difference between the two populations in non-AhR transcription factor signaling in liver and gills, and that this could involve killifish PXR. It also implies possible cross-regulatory interactions between that factor (presumably PXR) and AhR2 in liver of these fish.This study was supported by grants from FORMAS (216-2007-468) and University of Gothenburg to MCC, and by the Superfund Research Program at Boston University, NIH grant P42ES007381 to JJS, MEH, and SIK. Data interpretation was aided by reference to a preliminary draft of the Fundulus heteroclitus genome sequence, which was supported by funding from the National Science Foundation (collaborative research grants DEB-1120512, DEB-1265282, DEB-1120013, DEB-1120263, DEB-1120333, DEB-1120398). This study was also supported by NOAA Grant No. NA16RG2273 (WHOI Sea Grant Project No. R/P-70 to SIK and MEH) and by funding from Adlerbertska Forskningsstiftelsen, Helge Ax:son Johnsons Stiftelse and Wilhelm och Martina Lundgrens Vetenskapsfond to BW and JG