Homelessness and the European Union’s Initiatives to End It

Homelessness is a serious social problem in the countries of the European Union, which is currently exacerbated by the refugee crisis and migration phenomenon. The Member States of the European Union are taking various measures to reduce this problem. However, tackling homelessness requires appropriate actions also at EU level, including monitoring its European dimension. Still, EU Member States use different definitions of homelessness, methods of collecting and presenting data on homelessness, and implement different policies to address it. The purpose of this article is to attempt to analyse the initiatives undertaken at EU level concerning the fight against homelessness, the housing-led policy recommended in the European Union, and the typology of homeless people developed by the European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless. Legal-dogmatic and empirical methods were used in the [email protected] Cendrowicz – PhD in Law, assistant professor at the Institute of Administrative Science, Faculty of Law, Administration and Economics, University of Wrocław; her research interests include administrative science, administrative law, comparative administrative law, social assistance, civil service systems in comparative perspective, sociology of organizations and English language in administrative law. She is especially interested in social tasks of the Polish local self-government; she has particular interests in the sphere of social assistance and homelessness.Uniwersytet WrocławskiArapoglou V., Researching Housing Exclusion and Homelessness in Southern Europe: Learning Through Comparing Cities and Tracking Policies, “European Journal of Homelessness” 2016, vol. 10.Busch-Geertsema V., Defining and Measuring Homelessness, (in:) V. Busch-Geertsema, E. O’Sullivan, D. Quilgars and N. Pleace (eds.), Homelessness. 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PRAWNE ASPEKTY POLITYKI INTEGRACYJNEJ CUDZOZIEMCÓW NA PRZYKŁADZIE INDYWIDUALNEGO PROGRAMU INTEGRACJI

Integration and policy for the integration of third-country nationals have been discussed for many years in EU countries, including at the level of the EU. The issue is multifaceted and complex. For well over a decade, Poland has been one of the EU countries to which people from outside the European Union have been coming in large numbers, especially citizens of Ukraine who had to leave their country as refugees when the war broke out. The basic premise of this article is that social welfare plays an important role in the system of integration policy. The legal instruments applicable to social welfare should be developed to help third-country nationals integrate in the local community. In the long term, a comprehensive integration policy will be needed. The aim of this article is to analyse the integration assistance implemented in an individual integration programme for refugees and third-country nationals enjoying subsidiary protection in the Republic of Poland, and to assess its legal regulation. The article uses the dogmatic method of legal analysis.Integracja i polityka integracji cudzoziemców są od wielu lat przedmiotem dyskusji w krajach europejskich, w tym na poziomie całej Unii Europejskiej. Można powiedzieć, że kwestia integracji cudzoziemców ze społeczeństwem kraju przyjmującego jest wieloaspektowa i złożona. Na przestrzeni ostatnich kilkunastu lat Polska stała się jednym z krajów unijnych, do których licznie napływają cudzoziemcy spoza Unii Europejskiej, a w związku z wybuchem wojny na Ukrainie – obywatele tego państwa, którzy zostali zmuszeni do opuszczenia swojego kraju w poszukiwaniu schronienia. Zgodnie z podstawową tezą niniejszego artykułu pomoc społeczna zajmuje ważne miejsce w systemie polityki integracyjnej cudzoziemców, przy czym konieczny jest dalszy rozwój jej instrumentów prawnych na rzecz integracji cudzoziemców, a w dalszej perspektywie niezbędne jest opracowanie założeń kompleksowej polityki publicznej podejmującej kwestię integracji cudzoziemców. Celem artykułu jest analiza formy pomocy społecznej o charakterze integracyjnym realizowanej w ramach indywidualnego programu integracji skierowanego do uchodźców i cudzoziemców korzystających w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z ochrony uzupełniającej oraz próba oceny jej regulacji prawnej. W publikacji wykorzystano metodę dogmatyczno-prawną

Świadcząca rola gminy w zakresie zaspokajania potrzeb mieszkaniowych członków wspólnoty samorządowej

The publication addresses the issue of how municipality fulfils housing needs of members of the self-governing community in the context of administration of provision. Conclusions will be formulated on the scope and nature of the tasks that municipality performs in the indicated area.Publikacja podejmuje zagadnienie zaspokajania przez gminę potrzeb mieszkaniowych członków wspólnoty samorządowej w ramach administracji świadczącej. Sformułowane zostaną wnioski na temat zakresu i charakteru zadań, jakie gmina realizuje we wskazanym obszarze

Interactions of cell division protein FtsZ with large and small molecules

Bacteria are one of the most important microorganisms in biotechnology and in our life. They play many good roles for humans, e.g. by breaking down food and producing certain vitamins and nutrients in the human gastrointestinal tract. However, a small number of bacteria, called pathogens, may also cause serious infections and diseases. These bacteria are extensively studied for centuries in order to better understand their internal mechanisms. The knowledge gained from these studies is used to search for weak points in bacteria, which can be targeted by popular drugs called antibiotics. The weak points in bacteria are mechanisms that are essential for viability or normal function, and, when blocked, completely inactivate the whole bacterial organism. These mechanisms include among others: essential protein biosynthesis pathways, synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, and cell division, the mechanism that allows bacteria to proliferate. In our work we tried to better understand the cell division process in two bacterial species, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. To this end we used essential protein FtsZ, which is the key player of cell division. In our work we studied FtsZ alone; in the presence of other proteins that directly interact with FtsZ; and in the presence of small molecules, which could potentially block FtsZ and bacterial cell division, thus act as antibacterial agents. The work described in my thesis enhances our knowledge of bacterial cell division and contributes to research in antibiotic development

The Role of Macrophages in Cancer Development and Therapy

Macrophages are critical mediators of tissue homeostasis and influence various aspects of immunity. Tumor-associated macrophages are one of the main cellular components of the tumor microenvironment. Depending on their activation status, macrophages can exert a dual influence on tumorigenesis by either antagonizing the cytotoxic activity of immune cells or, less frequently, by enhancing antitumor responses. In most situations, TAMs suppress T cell recruitment and function or regulate other aspects of tumor immunity. The importance of TAMs targeting in cancer therapy is derived from the strong association between the high infiltration of TAMs in the tumor tissue with poor patient prognosis. Several macrophage-targeting approaches in anticancer therapy are developed, including TAM depletion, inhibition of new TAM differentiation, or re-education of TAM activation for cancer cell phagocytosis. In this review, we will describe the role of TAMs in tumor development, including such aspects as protumorigenic inflammation, immune suppression, neoangiogenesis, and enhancement of tissue invasion and distant metastasis. Furthermore, we will discuss therapeutic approaches that aim to deplete TAMs or, on the contrary, re-educate TAMs for cancer cell phagocytosis and antitumor immunity

Tumor Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma:Challenges and Opportunities for New Treatment Options

The prevalence of liver cancer is constantly rising, with increasing incidence and mortality in Europe and the USA in recent decades. Among the different subtypes of liver cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most commonly diagnosed liver cancer. Besides advances in diagnosis and promising results of pre-clinical studies, HCC remains a highly lethal disease. In many cases, HCC is an effect of chronic liver inflammation, which leads to the formation of a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) composed of immune and stromal cells. The TME of HCC patients is a challenge for therapies, as it is involved in metastasis and the development of resistance. However, given that the TME is an intricate system of immune and stromal cells interacting with cancer cells, new immune-based therapies are being developed to target the TME of HCC. Therefore, understanding the complexity of the TME in HCC will provide new possibilities to design novel and more effective immunotherapeutics and combinatorial therapies to overcome resistance to treatment. In this review, we describe the role of inflammation during the development and progression of HCC by focusing on TME. We also describe the most recent therapeutic advances for HCC and possible combinatorial treatment options