Effect of medium-chain TAG and exercise on satiety, energy intake and energy balance

The present study examined whether the combination of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) along with exercise suppress energy intake to a greater extent than either intervention alone. Twelve participants consumed a porridge breakfast containing 165 kcal 692.9 kJ of either vegetable or MCT oil on two separate occasions; one followed by rest for 240 min, one followed by rest broken up with 1h of cycling at 65% VO2peak starting at 120 min. At 240 min, participants consumed a buffet lunch to satiation, and recorded their food intake for the rest of the day. Expired air samples (for calculation of energy expenditure (EE)) and subjective ratings of appetite on visual analogue scales were taken every 30 min, and gastric emptying (GE) breath samples were taken every 15 min. There was no effect of either breakfast or exercise condition on energy intake at any time point (P>0.05) or any effect on subjective appetite ratings (P>0.05). Exercise trials resulted in significantly higher EE than resting trials (2960.6 kJ, 95% CI [2528.9, 3392.2]; P<0.001), and MCT increased resting EE over 4h compared to long-chain triglycerides (LCT) (124.8 kJ, 95% CI [13.5, 236.0]; P=0.031). GE was accelerated by exercise, regardless of breakfast, but delayed by MCT in both resting and exercise trials. The results show that exercise causes energy deficits via increased EE without promoting dietary compensation. MCT has no effect on energy intake or satiety, but increases EE under resting conditions. There is no additive effect of MCT and exercise on EE, intake, or appetite ratings

The effect of dietary standardisation on exercise performance and physiological responses in male athletes

Sport scientists have been using different techniques to control dietary intake in an attempt to minimise the impact of several dietary components on the outcomes of the study. This is achieved by eliminating some components completely from the diet (such as caffeine and alcohol) for few days or controlling the intake by replicating what was consumed before the first trial, prior to every subsequent trial. Researchers help participants replicate their diet by using dietary standardisation tools such as dietary recall and food record or by providing pre-packaged meals (standardised diet). The aims of this PhD were 1) to assess the reproducibility of a diet using different standardisation techniques, 2) examine what effect does 24-hours carbohydrate manipulation within a 15% variation have on endurance capacity and physiological responses, 3) assess the new proposed method to standardise dietary intake, and 4) measure the efficacy of encouraging individuals to stay well-hydrated on next day hydration status. This PhD concluded that standardised diet is the best approach to control dietary intake. Dietary recall and food record techniques should only be used when large effect is expected and the diet has low impact on the intervention. The liquid based standardised diet that we proposed was found to be an effective technique with similar reproducibility to solid based standardised diet (2-3% and 5% variation, respectively, in energy and macronutrient intakes). Furthermore, it was suggested that a 15% difference in 24-hour carbohydrate intake did not significantly affect endurance capacity, nutrient oxidation and blood glucose/lactate levels in trained cyclists. Finally, it was confirmed that encouraging participants to drink water in the pre-trial preparation period is not enough to achieve euhydration before exercise tests. This PhD adds essential information to the area of dietary standardisation and helps improve the quality of future research projects

The effect of mode of transport on intraindividual variability in glycemic and insulinemic response testing

The effect of light- to moderate-intensity exercise, such as that used as a mode of transport, on glycemic response testing is unclear. The aim was to investigate the effect of acute exercise (walking and cycling), simulated to act as a mode of transport, prior to glycemic response testing on the intraindividual variability of blood glucose and insulin. A total of 11 male participants visited the laboratory four times. Initially, they undertook a maximum oxygen uptake and two submaximal exercise tests. For the other three visits, they either rested (25 min), cycled, or walked 5 km followed by a 2-hr glycemic response test after consuming a glucose drink (50 g of available carbohydrate). The mean coefficient of variation of each transport group was below the International Organization for Standardization cutoff of 30%. The highest mean coefficient of variation of glucose area under the curve (AUC) was between the rest and the walking trials (30%) followed by walking and cycling (26%). For insulin AUC, the highest mean coefficient of variation was between walking and cycling (28%) followed by rest and walking (24%). The lowest glucose AUC and insulin AUC were between rest and cycling (25% and 14%, respectively). This study did not find differences (p > .05) between the conditions for glucose AUC (at 120 min, rest: 134.5 +/- 104.6 mmol/L; walking: 115.5 +/- 71.7 mmol/L; and cycling: 142.5 +/- 75 mmol/L) and insulin AUC (at 120 min, rest: 19.45 +/- 9.12 mumol/ml; walking: 16.49 +/- 8.42 mumol/ml; and cycling: 18.55 +/- 9.23 mumol/ml). The results indicate no difference between the tests undertaken; however, further research should ensure the inclusion of two rest conditions

Pits and fissures: Relative space contribution in fissures from sealants, prophylaxis pastes and organic remnants

The document attached has been archived with permission from the Australian Dental Association. An external link to the publisher’s copy is included.Background: Previous studies by the authors have looked at the nature of the fissure system of human permanent molars and premolars, and has provided evidence for the presence of a prismless layer of enamel. It was noted during these studies that the fissure spaces were often occupied by material other than the fissure sealant. The aim of this study was to define these materials and to look at the percentage contribution of each to the sealed fissure space. MethodS: A sample of teeth, both molars and premolars, were sealed with an unfilled fissure sealant after prophylaxis with a coloured prophylaxis paste. In one group, the crown of the tooth was removed by dissolution in hydrochloric acid following placement of the sealant. This revealed a negative image of the fissure system and its contents. The second group of teeth was sectioned following sealing, and the contents of the fissure space were analyzed. Results: The negative image of the fissure system displayed the fissure contents by colour and the sectioned teeth were able to be computer analyzed to establish the relative contribution of sealant, prophylaxis paste and organic material to the fissure space. Conclusions: Sealant contribution was in the range of 14- 96 per cent, prophylaxis paste from 0-50 per cent and organic remnants 0-55 per cent. The presence of these last two components could contribute to sealant loss

The effect of consuming a liquid diet vs a solid diet 24-hr preexperimental trials on adherence in athletes

Discrepancies in energy and macronutrient intakes between tests are apparent even when a solid prepackaged diet (Sdiet) is used to standardize dietary intake for preexperimental trials. It is unknown whether a liquid prepackaged diet (Ldiet) leads to improved adherence, resulting in lower variability in energy and macronutrient intakes. This study assesses the ability of athletes to replicate a diet when an Ldiet or Sdiet was used as a dietary standardization technique. In a cross-over design, 30 athletes were randomly assigned to either Sdiet or Ldiet. Each diet was consumed for two nonconsecutive days. Participants were instructed to consume all the meals provided and to return any leftovers. The coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated for each nutrient for the two methods and reported as the average CV. The Bland–Altman plots show that differences between Days 1 and 2 in energy and macronutrient intakes for both diets were close to zero, with the exception of some outliers. The %CV for Sdiet was higher than Ldiet (5% and 3% for energy, 5% and 3% for carbohydrate, 5% and 2% for protein, and 5% and 3% for fat, respectively). There was a strong positive correlation for energy and all macronutrients between Days 1 and 2 for both methods (r > .80; p < .05). Ldiet is an effective technique to standardize diet preexperimental trials and could be used as an alternative to Sdiet. Furthermore, Ldiet may lead to additional improvements in the compliance of participants to the diet and also decrease the cost and time of preparation

Enquêter en tant que Libanaise et être ethnicisée comme « autre » dans des milieux migratoires libanais en Afrique de l’Ouest

Il n’est pas rare que des chercheurs en sciences sociales éprouvent des difficultés à se faire accepter parmi leurs enquêtés, même lorsqu’ils maitrisent les principaux repères culturels des milieux sociaux qu’ils étudient. Cet article relate l’expérience d’une chercheuse et anthropologue libanaise enquêtant auprès de populations libanaises en Afrique de l’Ouest, avec lesquelles elle entretient des relations familiales. Pensant initialement pouvoir revendiquer un statut de « native » parmi eux, elle découvre à son arrivée à Ouagadougou, à Abidjan et à Dakar, que son assimilation aux groupes libanais locaux ne va pas de soi. Sur la base d’éléments physiques, comportementaux et sociaux, ses interlocuteurs l’ethnicisent comme « autre » – marocaine, égyptienne ou française, en particulier – et lui apposent un label « d’outsider ». Les circonstances et contextes de ce terrain d’étude soulèvent des questions d’ordre méthodologique. La proximité culturelle qui légitimait intellectuellement l’approche de la chercheuse se heurte sur le terrain à des mécanismes de distanciation entretenus par les enquêtés. Ceux-ci prennent la forme de négociations et de redéfinitions des identités ethniques et culturelles, affectant à terme aussi bien la chercheuse que son sujet de recherche.It is common for researchers in social sciences to experience difficulties and obstacles when trying to gain access to their fieldwork and attain acceptance by the participants of their research. This happens even when they have an intimate knowledge of the main cultural dynamics within the social circles they study. This article analyses the experience of a Lebanese anthropologist investigating Lebanese people in West Africa, with whom she has family ties. She thought initially that she could claim "native" status, but discovered upon her arrival in Ouagadougou, Abidjan and Dakar that belonging to these social circles was far from self-evident. Because of physical, behavioral and social differences, her Lebanese respondents ethnicized her as "different" – mainly as a Moroccan or a French woman – labeling her as an "outsider". The circumstances and contexts of this fieldwork raise a methodological issue. Cultural proximity – which intellectually legitimated the anthropologist’s approach – has been challenged by mechanisms of distinction maintained by the participants of the research. This has given rise to negotiations and redefinitions of ethnic and cultural identities, which have ultimately affected the researcher as well as the participants of her research

Benjamin Rubbers, Faire fortune en Afrique. Anthropologie des derniers colons du Katanga

La colonisation, en tant que processus d’expansion territoriale des nations européennes en Afrique, combine deux modalités. D’une part, elle prend la forme d’un projet politique d’exploitation économique qui implique la présence d’une structure administrative et militaire. D’autre part, elle prend sens dans le rapport de domination et de subordination sociale entre les différents groupes d’individus qui composent la société : c’est la relation coloniale. Ce dernier aspect — peu abordé par la ..

La migration régionale et entrepreneuriale des Libanais de Dakar, Abidjan et Ouagadougou

In contrast to the communitarian analysis of the Lebanese presence in West Africa, we suggest an analytical framework that takes into account Lebanese regional mobility based on socio-political conditions and economic opportunities. During our doctoral research in social anthropology, we conducted fieldwork in Dakar, Abidjan and Ouagadougou and we observed the existence of two types of regional migration - one related to individual initiative and another one based on the initiative of companies which recruit their managers according to their national belongings. This perception leads to re-examine the concepts of “diaspora” and “middleman minorities” which are traditionally mobilized in the study of Lebanese people in West Africa but maintain a grey zone, especially about the extraterritoriality of “communities” and their strategic mobilization of African nationalities.A contrario de l’analyse communautariste concernant la présence libanaise en Afrique de l’Ouest, nous proposons une grille de lecture qui prend en compte la mobilité régionale des Libanais en fonction des conditions sociopolitiques et des opportunités économiques. Sur la base d’une recherche doctorale en anthropologie sociale menée à Dakar, Abidjan et Ouagadougou, nous postulons l’existence de deux types de migrations régionales - l’une axée sur l’initiative personnelle, et l’autre sur l’initiative d’entreprises qui recrutent leurs cadres en fonction de leur appartenance nationale. Cette perception amène à réinterroger les concepts de «&nbsp;diaspora&nbsp;» et de middleman minorities classiquement mobilisés à propos de la présence libanaise en Afrique de l’Ouest mais entretenant des zones d’ombres, notamment autour de l’extraterritorialité des «&nbsp;communautés&nbsp;» et de leur mobilisation stratégique des nationalités africaines