Modelling nitrous oxide emissions from mown-grass and grain-cropping systems : Testing and sensitivity analysis of DailyDayCent using high frequency measurements

The lead author, Nimai Senapati (Post doc), was funded by the European community’s Seventh Framework programme (FP2012-2015) under grant agreement no. 262060 (ExpeER). The research leading to these results has received funding principally from the ANR (ANR-11-INBS-0001), AllEnvi, CNRS-INSU. We would like to thank the National Research Infrastructure ‘Agro-écosystèmes, Cycles Biogéochimique et Biodiversité (SOERE-ACBB http://www.soere-acbb.com/fr/) for their support in field experiment. We are deeply indebted to Christophe deBerranger, Xavier Charrier for their substantial technical assistance and Patricia Laville for her valuables suggestion regarding N2O flux estimation.Peer reviewedPostprin

Cherchell: an Algerian Mediterranean Historical City with a Rich Islamic Heritage Housing

Islamic residential architecture has some common architectural and architectonic elements issued from shared values such as privacy, simplicity and sobriety. Applied to residential architecture, these values led to some characteristic spaces and architectural elements such as patios or arcs. However, the Islamic civilisation is composed by different cultures spread on a great geographical area; this variety induced different interpretations of these elements by using different building shapes or materials. In this paper, we will present an example of this interpretation in the historical coastal city of Cherchell in northern Algeria. The city of Cherchell is a historic coastal city that witnessed the passage of several civilizations before the arrival of the Islamic one since its founding more than 2500 years ago. This specific situation as historical coastal city allowed the exchange with different civilizations around the Mediterranean Sea, giving rise in the Islamic period to a typical earth architecture characterised by a specific arch's typology. The objective of this article is to present an interpretation of Islamic heritage housing architecture in a Mediterranean historical coastal city (through two specific elements: building material and architectonic element). The long term aim of this study is the dissemination of traditional technics and know-how in order restore cultural heritage buildings and construct new projects with a strong Islamic identity

Adjusting Ley Grassland Duration in Crop Rotations to Reconcile Food Production and Soil Carbon Stocks

Introduction of grasslands into cropping systems represents a strategy to ensure food production while reducing soil carbon losses. Yet, mixed crop and grassland management systems need to be evaluated in terms of achieving balanced food production and soil carbon (C) sustainability. The objectives of the study are: 1) to explore the impact of grassland duration on C input and soil C changes in agricultural systems; and 2) to test the variation in C input and soil C changes between rotations using grassland fertilized at high or low Nitrogen (N) application rates and their impacts on productivity. Field data regarding C input, soil C and crop production were collected during 2005–2016 from a longterm experimental site in Lusignan, France. Root biomass C was sampled annually, and the stable C isotope signature (δ13C) was determined to quantify the amount of C input from the root biomass. The results showed that integrating ley grassland in crop rotations increased the C input in the 0–30 and 0–60 cm soil layers (P \u3c 0.05) but showed limited improvements in shoot biomass C and grain yield of these crops. In addition, C stocks also increased in the 0-30 cm but not always in the 0-60 cm layer. Compared with cropland, permanent grassland did not show a greater C input, whereas the latter showed a C stock increase of 0.6–1.4 Mg C ha−1 yr−1. In addition, in crop rotations integrated with ley grassland together with high-N or low-N fertilization did not impact C input, changes in soil C at either 0-30 cm or 0-60 cm soil layers, or even the crop production, while the grass production decreased by 22.2%-66.6% for low-N fertilization. In conclusion, integrating ley grassland in crop rotations increases the C input and soil C stocks in top soil, while reducing the time and production of crops

Organic matter composition and the protist and nematode communities around anecic earthworm burrows

By living in permanent burrows and incorporating organic detritus from the soil surface, anecic earthworms contribute to soil heterogeneity, but their impact is still under-studied in natural field conditions. We investigated the effects of the anecic earthworm Lumbricus centralis on fresh carbon (C) incorporation, soil organic matter composition, protists, and nematodes of a Cambisol under grassland. We used plant material labelled with stable isotope tracers to detect fresh C input around earthworm-occupied burrows or around burrows from which the earthworm had been removed. After 50 days, we sampled soil (0–10 cm depth) in concentric layers around the burrows, distinguishing between drilosphere (0–8 mm) and bulk soil (50–75 mm). L. centralis effectively incorporated fresh C into the drilosphere, and this shifted soil organic matter amount and chemistry: total soil sugar content was increased compared to unoccupied drilosphere and bulk soil, and the contribution of plant-derived sugars to soil organic matter was enhanced. Earthworms also shifted the spatial distribution of soil C towards the drilosphere. The total abundance of protists and nematodes was only slightly higher in earthworm-occupied drilosphere, but strong positive effects were found for some protist clades (e.g. Stenamoeba spp.). Additional data for the co-occurring anecic earthworm species Aporrectodea longa showed that it incorporated fresh C less than L. centralis, suggesting that the two species may have different effects on soil C distribution and organic matter quality

Unveiling and Vanquishing Goroutine Leaks in Enterprise Microservices: A Dynamic Analysis Approach

Go is a modern programming language gaining popularity in enterprise microservice systems. Concurrency is a first-class citizen in Go with lightweight ``goroutines'' as the building blocks of concurrent execution. Go advocates message-passing to communicate and synchronize among goroutines. Improper use of message passing in Go can result in ``partial deadlocks'' , a subtle concurrency bug where a blocked sender (receiver) never finds a corresponding receiver (sender), causing the blocked goroutine to leak memory, via its call stack and objects reachable from the stack. In this paper, we systematically study the prevalence of message passing and the resulting partial deadlocks in 75 million lines of Uber's Go monorepo hosting over 2500 microservices. We develop two lightweight, dynamic analysis tools: Goleak and LeakProf, designed to identify partial deadlocks. Goleak detects partial deadlocks during unit testing and prevents the introduction of new bugs. Conversely, LeakProf uses goroutine profiles obtained from services deployed in production to pinpoint intricate bugs arising from complex control flow, unexplored interleavings, or the absence of test coverage. We share our experience and insights deploying these tools in developer workflows in a large industrial setting. Using Goleak we unearthed 857 pre-existing goroutine leaks in the legacy code and prevented the introduction of around 260 new leaks over one year period. Using LeakProf we found 24 and fixed 21 goroutine leaks, which resulted in up to 34% speedup and 9.2x memory reduction in some of our production services.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, to be published in CGO 202

Towards a socio-cultural approach for the design of the house/settlement system :a case study in Ghardaia, Algeria

PhD ThesisRapid urbanisation which is a characteristic of most developing countries, has led to the importation of readily available solutions and to an overgeneralisation of human needs. The main objective of this study is to relate design to man's social and cultural needs. First, the study demonstrates the relationship between cultural and social variables that influence house form and settlement patterns. This is followed by a comparative case study analysis of existing house-settlement systems in two residential areas; one a modern government built scheme, the other a traditional development, both in the M'Zab, in Southern Algeria. The main assumption was that traditional houses and settlements were culturally more responsive than their modern equivalents. However, results refuted this assumption and indicated that social change affected many of people's values and attitudes towards housing. This indicates that neither international modernism, in housing provision, nor an attempt to slavishly copy past indigenous solutions are likely to be successful. Through studying human-environmental behaviour and using multiple-methods strategies, it is possible to bridge the gap between design and social research. A reorientation of the educational system would help towards a better communication not only between different professional practices and disciplines, but also involving the lay people. Finally, this study suggests that designing for potential adaptability a characteristic of traditional design, reflects culture, and would not only accommodate change, but would also involve active participation by people and therefore raise the level of responsibilty and satisfaction. The research combined evidence from documentary sources and field surveys. A multiple-method strategy was adopted to compare the two settlement systems of the case study. This included direct observation, interviews and trade-off games. The interview survey included three groups of people: the users, the local planning authorities and the building contractors. By stressing the socio-cultural variables, this study does not deny the role of other variables. On the contrary, the author accepts that design activities should aim towards maintaining a balance between environmental factors and financial constraints. It is, however, argued that human needs must be given at least the same degree of importance, if workable solutions to the problem of rapid urbanisation are to be found