An International Survey on Taking Up a Career in Cardiovascular Research: Opportunities and Biases toward Would-Be Physician-Scientists

Background Cardiovascular research is the main shaper of clinical evidence underpinning decision making, with its cyclic progression of junior researchers to mature faculty members. Despite efforts at improving cardiovascular research training, several unmet needs persist. We aimed to appraise current perceptions on cardiovascular research training with an international survey. Methods and Results We administered a 20-closed-question survey to mentors and mentees belonging to different international institutions. A total of 247 (12%) surveys were available (out of 2,000 invitations). Overall, mentees and mentors were reasonably satisfied with the educational and research resources. Significant differences were found analyzing results according to gender, geographic area, training and full-time researcher status. Specifically, women proved significantly less satisfied than men, disclosed access to fewer resources and less support from mentors (all P Conclusions Several potential biases appear to be present in the way training in cardiovascular research is provided worldwide, including one against women. If confirmed, these data require proactive measures to decrease discriminations and improve the cardiovascular research training quality

Treatment of heart failure with autologous skeletal myoblasts

The management of patients with heart failure is a daily challenge for cardiologists and cardiac surgeons. Pharmacotherapy, atrio-biventricular resynchronization, myocardial revascularization, valve repair techniques, latissimus dorsi cardiomyoplasty, acorn cardiac support device, heart transplantation and mechanical assist devices do not cover all the needs. The recent progress in cellular and molecular biology allows the development of new therapies for heart failure. Transplantation of Autologous Cells: One of the most innovative consists in the transplantation of autologous ex-vivo expanded cells into the myocardium for heart muscle regeneration. This approach is called “cellular cardiomyoplasty”

Development of Bioartificial Myocardium Using Stem Cells and Nanobiotechnology Templates

Cell-based regenerative therapy is undergoing experimental and clinical trials in cardiology, in order to limit the consequences of decreased contractile function and compliance of damaged ventricles following myocardial infarction. Over 1000 patients have been treated worldwide with cell-based procedures for myocardial regeneration. Cellular cardiomyoplasty seems to reduce the size and fibrosis of infarct scars, limit adverse postischemic remodelling, and improve diastolic function. The development of a bioartificial myocardium is a new challenge; in this approach, tissue-engineered procedures are associated with cell therapy. Organ decellularization for bioscaffolds fabrication is a new investigated concept. Nanomaterials are emerging as the main candidates to ensure the achievement of a proper instructive cellular niche with good drug release/administration properties. Investigating the electrophysiological properties of bioartificial myocardium is the challenging objective of future research, associating a multielectrode network to provide electrical stimulation could improve the coupling of grafted cells and scaffolds with host cardiomyocytes. In summary, until now stem cell transplantation has not achieved clear hemodynamic benefits for myocardial diseases. Supported by relevant scientific background, the development of myocardial tissue engineering may constitute a new avenue and hope for the treatment of myocardial diseases

Autologous human serum for cell culture avoids the implantation of cardioverter-defibrillators in cellular cardiomyoplasty

Background: Current clinical experience with cellular cardiomyoplasty (using serum bovine-cultivated myoblasts) has demonstrated significant malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden deaths in patients. In some ongoing clinical trials the implantation of cardioverterdefibrillator is mandatory. We have hypothesized that contact of human cells with fetal bovine serum results after 3-week fixation of animal proteins on the cell surface, representing an antigenic substrate for immunological and inflammatory adverse events. Methods and Results: Autologous myoblasts were transplanted into infarcted LV in 20 patients (90% males, mean age 62±8 years). Cells were cultivated in a complete human medium during 3 weeks, using the patients' own serum obtained from a blood sample or from plasmapheresis. Injections were performed during CABG (2.1 grafts/pt). All patients had an uneventful recovery. At a mean follow-up of 14±5 months without mortality, no malignant cardiac arrhythmias are reported. LV ejection fraction improved from 28±3% to 52:k4.7% (p = 0.03), and regional wall motion score index (WMSI) from 3.1 to 1.4 (p = 0.04) in the cell-treated segments. Myocardial viability tests showed areas of regeneration. Patients moved from mean NYHA class 2.5 to class 1.2. Conclusions: A total autologous cell culture procedure was used in cellular cardiomyoplasty reducing the risk of arrhythmia. Human-autologous-serum cell expansion avoids the risk of prion, viral or zoonoses contamination. Since patients treated with noncultivated bone marrow cells are free of arrhythmia, the bovine-culture medium seems to be responsible for this complication. Cellular cardiomyoplasty may be efficient to avoid progression of ventricular remodeling and subsequent heart failure in ischemic heart disease

Cellular Cardiomyoplasty: Clinical Application

Myocardial regeneration can be induced with the implantation of a variety of myogenic and angiogenic cell types. More than 150 patients have been treated with cellular cardiomyoplasty worldwide, 18 patients have been treated by our group. Cellular cardiomyoplasty seems to reduce the size and fibrosis of infarct scars, limit postischemic remodelling, and restore regional myocardial contractility. Techniques for skeletal myoblasts culture and ex vivo expansion using autologous patient serum (obtained from plasmapheresis) have been developed by our group. In this article we propose (1) a total autologous cell culture technique and procedures for cell delivery and (2) a clinical trial with appropriate endpoints structured to determine the efficacy of cellular cardiomyoplasty

Chapter Biomaterials for Cardiac Tissue Engineering

Semiotics / semiolog

Recent Applications of Three Dimensional Printing in Cardiovascular Medicine

Three dimensional (3D) printing, which consists in the conversion of digital images into a 3D physical model, is a promising and versatile field that, over the last decade, has experienced a rapid development in medicine. Cardiovascular medicine, in particular, is one of the fastest growing area for medical 3D printing. In this review, we firstly describe the major steps and the most common technologies used in the 3D printing process, then we present current applications of 3D printing with relevance to the cardiovascular field. The technology is more frequently used for the creation of anatomical 3D models useful for teaching, training, and procedural planning of complex surgical cases, as well as for facilitating communication with patients and their families. However, the most attractive and novel application of 3D printing in the last years is bioprinting, which holds the great potential to solve the ever-increasing crisis of organ shortage. In this review, we then present some of the 3D bioprinting strategies used for fabricating fully functional cardiovascular tissues, including myocardium, heart tissue patches, and heart valves. The implications of 3D bioprinting in drug discovery, development, and delivery systems are also briefly discussed, in terms of in vitro cardiovascular drug toxicity. Finally, we describe some applications of 3D printing in the development and testing of cardiovascular medical devices, and the current regulatory frameworks that apply to manufacturing and commercialization of 3D printed products

Nouvelle Théorie Hémodynamique Flux et Rythme Concept et applications précliniques en utilisant des nouveaux dispositifs d'assistance circulatoire Directeur

Le coeur et les vaisseaux sanguins sont directement issus de l'endothélium et dépendent de sa fonction. Le coeur ne représente pas la seule force motrice de notre système circulatoire, la plupart des stratégies thérapeutiques actuelles des maladies cardiovasculaires sont encore focalisées sur le coeur, négligeant l'ensemble du système circulatoire et le système endothélial. Par exemple, le développement de Dispositifs d'Assistance Cardiaque (DAC) est influencé par le coeur, conçu pour suivre,obéir et doit être synchronisé avec un organe malade.De nombreux signaux de nature différente sont capables d activer les cellules endothéliales : les forces de cisaillement créées par le flux sanguin parallèle à la surface de la paroi des vaisseaux, mais également les forces perpendiculaires provoquées par l étirement de la paroi artérielle par les variations de la pression et la qualité cyclique de ces forces. L activation de cellules endothéliales est due à la pulsatilité du flux mais aussi à l action de substances vasoactives et des médiateurs de l inflammation.Dans notre travail de thèse, nous proposons une nouvelle approche thérapeutique,basée sur une révision fondamentale de l'ensemble du système circulatoire: exposer les défauts de la gestion courante des maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV). Notre nouveau concept se concentre sur la dynamique des flux sanguins pour stimuler,restaurer et maintenir la fonction endothéliale, et compris le coeur lui-même. Nous avons développé et évalué une nouvelle génération de DAC pulsatiles, testée in vitro et in vivo.Pendant le déroulement de cette thèse nous avons effectué les études suivantes:1. Etude d un prototype de cathéter pulsatile. Il est testé de manière isolée dans un modèle expérimental d ischémie aiguë du myocarde et dans un modèle d hypertension pulmonaire aiguë.2. Etude d un prototype de tube pulsatile à double lumière. Il est testé in-vitro dans un circuit de circulation extracorporelle, et in vivo comme assistance ventriculaire gauche.73. Etude d un prototype de combinaison pulsatile. Il est testé sur un modèle animal présentant une défaillance aiguë du ventricule droit. Des prototypes de masques et de pantalons pulsatiles sont en développement.En conclusion, notre approche est basée sur l activation de la fonction endothéliale plutôt qu en une assistance cardiaque directe. Ce concept permet une meilleure gestion thérapeutique des maladies circulatoires et cardio-pulmonaires.The Heart is still considered as the main organ to be dealt with, in case ofcardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, the heart is not the only driving force in ourcirculatory system. In fact, the heart and blood vessels are the direct issues of theendothelium and depend on its function. Moreover, almost all current therapeuticstrategies are still focusing on the heart and neglecting the entire circulatoryendothelialsystem. For example, development of cardiac assist devices (CAD) is stillrestrained by the heart, designed to follow, obey and must be synchronized with adiseased organ.Many "signals" of different nature are capable of activating endothelial cells: the shearforces created by the blood flow parallel to the surface of the vessel wall, but alsoforces caused by stretching perpendicular to the artery wall by the cyclic pressuregradient and the quality of these forces. The activation of endothelial cells is due tothat pressurized flow dynamic forces, but also to the action of vasoactive substancesand inflammatory mediators.In this thesis we are proposing a new therapeutic approach, based on a fundamentalrevision of the entire systems: exposing those defects of current management ofcardiovascular diseases (CVD). A concept that focuses on flow dynamics to stimulate,restore and maintain endothelial function including the heart itself. This includespreliminary results of new generations of pulsatile CAD that promote endothelial shearstress (ESS) enhancement. Devices prototypes were tested.During this thesis, pulsatile devices prototypes were tested in vivo, in vitro as well aswith pre-clinical volunteers as follow:1. A pulsatile catheter prototype was tested in 2 pediatric animal models (piglets) of:acute myocardial ischemia; and acute pulmonary arterial hypertension.2. A pulstile tube prototype was tested in vitro (mock circuit) and in vivo (piglets) as aleft ventricular assist device (ongoing).3. Pulsatile suit prototypes were tested: in vivo (piglets) for acute right ventricularfailure treatment. Prototypes of pulsatile mask and trousers are currently in plannedfor pre-clinical studies.9Conclusion, Think endothelial instead of cardiac is our policy for better management ofCVD.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Biomaterials for Cardiac Tissue Engineering

Semiotics / semiolog