International chemical identifier for chemical reactions

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Associations among Wine Grape Microbiome, Metabolome, and Fermentation Behavior Suggest Microbial Contribution to Regional Wine Characteristics.

UnlabelledRegionally distinct wine characteristics (terroir) are an important aspect of wine production and consumer appreciation. Microbial activity is an integral part of wine production, and grape and wine microbiota present regionally defined patterns associated with vineyard and climatic conditions, but the degree to which these microbial patterns associate with the chemical composition of wine is unclear. Through a longitudinal survey of over 200 commercial wine fermentations, we demonstrate that both grape microbiota and wine metabolite profiles distinguish viticultural area designations and individual vineyards within Napa and Sonoma Counties, California. Associations among wine microbiota and fermentation characteristics suggest new links between microbiota, fermentation performance, and wine properties. The bacterial and fungal consortia of wine fermentations, composed from vineyard and winery sources, correlate with the chemical composition of the finished wines and predict metabolite abundances in finished wines using machine learning models. The use of postharvest microbiota as an early predictor of wine chemical composition is unprecedented and potentially poses a new paradigm for quality control of agricultural products. These findings add further evidence that microbial activity is associated with wine terroirImportanceWine production is a multi-billion-dollar global industry for which microbial control and wine chemical composition are crucial aspects of quality. Terroir is an important feature of consumer appreciation and wine culture, but the many factors that contribute to terroir are nebulous. We show that grape and wine microbiota exhibit regional patterns that correlate with wine chemical composition, suggesting that the grape microbiome may influence terroir In addition to enriching our understanding of how growing region and wine properties interact, this may provide further economic incentive for agricultural and enological practices that maintain regional microbial biodiversity

Deliberative democracy and inequality: Two cheers for enclave deliberation among the disempowered

Deliberative democracy grounds its legitimacy largely in the ability of speakers to participate on equal terms. Yet theorists and practitioners have struggled with how to establish deliberative equality in the face of stark differences of power in liberal democracies. Designers of innovative civic forums for deliberation often aim to neutralize inequities among participants through proportional inclusion of disempowered speakers and discourses. In contrast, others argue that democratic equality is best achieved when disempowered groups deliberate in their own enclaves (interest groups, parties, and movements) before entering the broader public sphere. Borrowing from each perspective, the authors argue that there are strong reasons to incorporate enclave deliberation among the disempowered within civic forums. They support this claim by presenting case study evidence showing that participants in such forums can gain some of the same benefits of deliberation found in more heterogeneous groups (e.g., political knowledge, efficacy and trust), can consider a diversity of viewpoints rather than falling into groupthink and polarization, and can persuade external stakeholders of the legitimacy of the group’s deliberations

The Electronic Structure of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals Formed on Metal Oxide Surfaces

We have investigated the electronic structure of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) formed on two different metal oxides: Cu(II)O and ZnO. Cu(II)O is known to be one of the most active metal oxides to form EPFRs. ZnO, however, forms the longest-lived EPFRs. First, we examined the adsorption of phenol on different crystal faces of ZnO. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) shows direct evidence of charge transfer away from the ZnO to the phenol. This differs from the hypothesized mechanism of EPFR formation that says that an electron is transferred to the metal oxide. UPS difference spectra also shows that the phenol HOMO on the ZnO(1010), ZnO(0001)-Zn, and ZnO(0001)-O differs significantly between each crystal face. The ZnO(1010) matches well with a calculated spectrum of a single phenol molecule while the other two surfaces show states either being depopulated or degeneracy being added to the phenol. Electron energy loss spectroscopy shows significant HOMO-LUMO gap narrowing of phenol on ZnO(0001)-Zn compared to gas phase phenol or physisorbed phenol. Low energy electron diffraction shows that phenol forms a semi-ordered c(2x2) superstructure only on the (1010) surface. Second, we examined the adsorption of phenol and chlorinated EPFR precursors on Cu(II)O nanoparticles. X-ray absorption near edge structure revealed that by heating Cu(II)O nanoparticles without the presence of any EPFR precursors Cu(II)O is reduced to Cu(I)2O. When Cu(II)O nanoparticles were exposed to phenol at 220 °C (minimal reduction by heating) reduction to Cu(I)2O was observed. This is direct evidence of charge transfer to the metal oxide in agreement with the hypothesized EPFR formation mechanism. The amount of reduction suggests that a significant fraction of metal atoms are on the interior of the nanoparticles and are unavailable for reduction, but the amount of reductions are inconsistent which could also suggests experimental flaws. Chlorinated EPFR precursors were adsorbed to Cu(II)O nanoparticles to observe the reactivity of the surface and measure their 3D structure using x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. While we show distinct Cu peaks at the appropriate intensities no Cl was observed under any conditions which suggest possible dechlorination from either the spectrometer source or the nanoparticles

Drivers of change in East Antarctic ice shelves

Antarctica holds enough landlocked ice to raise the global sea level by nearly 60 m in the event of wholesale ice sheet collapse. In East Antarctica, the Aurora Subglacial Basin is drained by Totten Glacier and is one of the world’s largest and most rapidly-changing ice catchment systems. In recent decades, Totten Glacier has exhibited variability in its flow rate, mass balance, and ice thickness, each led by changes at the ice sheet margin. Totten Glacier dynamics are linked to processes in the Totten Ice Shelf, which buttresses the flow of grounded ice while being subjected to variable ocean forcing from below. Understanding the stability of the Aurora Subglacial Basin in a changing climate requires an understanding of how Totten Ice Shelf responds to changes in its environment. This dissertation investigates ice shelf processes on spatial scales of 1 km to 100 km, that act on sub-annual to decadal time scales. The independent roles of channelized basal melt and large-scale basal melt resulting from a variable supply of oceanic heat content are examined using surface elevation changes measured by airborne laser altimetry, satellite laser altimetry, and a new method of photometry applied to satellite images. A new method of satellite image template matching is also developed to understand ice shelf velocity response to several environmental forcing mechanisms. On the interannual time scale, Totten Ice Shelf is seen accelerating in response to nearby upwelling of warm circumpolar deep water that enhances basal melt rates. On the subannual time scale, Totten Ice Shelf exhibits winter slowdown as buttressing from seasonal landfast sea ice at the ice shelf front slows the flow of the glacier. These findings show that the Totten Glacier catchment is sensitive to changes in its environment, and may be susceptible to changes in the coastal wind stress projected for the 21st century.Geological Science

Separating Rope Strands: An Unraveling of Shame in Gay Men

This theoretical dissertation uses self psychology, Lacanian theory, and neuropsychoanalysis to explore shame in gay men and formulate an integrative understanding for how this master affect effects self and psyche for same-sex attracted men. Brief introductions to the theories used are provided with links to existing scholarship that informs theoretical leanings. A scholarly case is made for the significance of understanding the origin and lifecycle of shame, as well the importance of differentiating between early relational trauma shame (understood as an “inside out” experience), and a later, socially informed “outside in” experience. An argument is made for how shame “attaches” to emerging sexuality, and a review of relevant literature is woven throughout the project. Conversations with two shame theorists and reflection on my subjective life experience support the thought process and formulation of the model that emerged

Waves, bursts, and instabilities: a multi-scale investigation of energetic plasma processes in the solar chromosphere and transition region

The chromosphere and transition region of the solar atmosphere provide an interface between the cool photosphere (6000 K) and the hot corona (1 million K). Both layers exhibit dramatic deviations from thermal and hydrostatic equilibrium in the form of intense plasma heating and mass transfer. The exact mechanisms responsible for transporting energy to the upper atmosphere remain unknown, but these must include a variety of energetic processes operating across many spatial and temporal scales. This dissertation comprises three studies of possible mechanisms for plasma heating and energy transport in the solar chromosphere and transition region. The first study establishes the theoretical framework for a collisional, two-stream plasma instability in the quiet-Sun chromosphere similar to the Farley-Buneman instability which actively heats the E-region of Earth's ionosphere. After deriving a linear dispersion relationship and employing a semi-empirical model of the chromosphere along with carefully computed collision frequencies, this analysis shows that the threshold electron drift velocity for triggering the instability is remarkably low near the temperature minimum where convective overshoots could continuously trigger the instability. The second study investigates simultaneous Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) observations of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in the chromospheres and transition regions of sunspots. By measuring the dominant wave periods, apparent phase velocities, and spatial and temporal separations between appearances of two observationally distinct oscillatory phenomena, the data show that these are consistent with upward-propagating slow magnetoacoustic modes tied to inclined magnetic field lines in the sunspot, providing a conduit for photospheric seismic energy to transfer upward. The third and final study focuses on intense, small-scale (1 arcsec) active region brightenings known as IRIS UV bursts. These exhibit dramatic FUV/NUV emission line splitting and deep absorption features, suggesting that they result from reconnection events embedded deep in the cool lower chromosphere. IRIS FUV spectral observations and Solar Dynamics Obser- vatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (SDO/HMI) magnetograms of a single evolving active region reveal that bursts prefer to form during the active region's emerging phase. These bursts tend to be spatially coincident with small-scale, photospheric, bipolar regions of upward and downward magnetic flux that dissipate as the active region matures

Should Louisville Build a Dual Tenant or Single Tenant Arena?

The purpose of this research design was to make recommendations to Louisville Metro Council Members, members of the Kentucky General Assembly from Jefferson County and Louisville Metro Mayor Jerry Abramson on the potential revenue and economic impact a potential franchise of the National Basketball Association (NBA) could have on the proposed Louisville Arena Project and the city of Louisville. Research in the literature review showed that stadiums, arenas and professional teams are poor investments by communities. Despite the research, the new Louisville Arena is going to be built because the Kentucky General Assembly included $75-million in bond financing for the Louisville Arena and the city of Louisville has already pledged their bonding capacity to help pay a third of the cost. One of the major components lacking is research to show if a professional team can help subsidize an arena that is already in existence and as a result, making it a “dual-use” facility. The proposed Louisville Arena project must have 113 dates annually to operate at a “break even” level. Currently, 138 events take place in Freedom Hall annually according to the Leib Group, consultants for the new Louisville Arena project, but only a portion of those events are expected to move to the new arena when it opens. As a result, Louisville lawmakers are going to need to start looking at ways to subsidize the debt service obligations and the question this study addresses is if an NBA team could do just that. The results of a study by the University of Memphis show that 58Comparisons of the proposed Louisville Arena to NBA arenas located in cities of a similar market size to Louisville indicate that the proposed single-use facility is adequate enough to serve as a dual-use facility. Results also revealed that if an NBA team were attracted to the city of Louisville,$24 million (available in Table 7) in new revenues could be generated for the city of Louisville and the Louisville Arena Authority by having a dual-use facility. This is largely due to the NBA providing new “entertainment” to the community because an NBA team draws from a larger market base. There is also the reality that currently not a single major-league professional team of any type in the state of Kentucky. This contrasts with the University of Louisville men’s and women’s basketball teams which would simply move the entertainment money from one location (Freedom Hall) to another location in downtown Louisville. Incentives and the probability of attracting a potential NBA franchise to Louisville were addressed, as was a discussion on how the arena would still be able to issue tax-exempt bonds, even if one of the “primary” tenants is a privately held professional basketball team. Recommendations were made based on the results of the economic and revenue impact analysis. The recommendations provide a different perspective on how an NBA team can move into a community and help bring in new revenue and visitors

Low-frequency acoustic classification of methane hydrates

textMethane hydrates are naturally-occurring ice-like substances found in permafrost and in ocean sediments along continental shelves. These compounds are often the source of cold seeps—plumes which vent methane into aquatic environments, and may subsequently release the potent greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. Methane hydrates and methane gas seeps are of particular interest both for their potential as an energy source and for their possible contribution to climate change. In an effort to improve location of hydrates through the use of seismic surveys and echo-sounding technology, this work aims to describe the low-frequency (10 Hz to 10 kHz) acoustic behavior of methane gas bubbles and methane hydrates in water under simulated ocean-floor conditions of low temperatures and high pressures. Products of the experiments and analysis presented in this thesis include (a) passive acoustic techniques for measurement of gas flux from underwater seeps, (b) a modified form of Wood's model of low-frequency sound propagation through a bubbly liquid containing real gas, and (c) low-frequency measurements of bulk moduli and dissociation pressures of four natural samples of methane hydrates. Experimental procedures and results are presented, along with analytical and numerical models which support the findings.Mechanical Engineerin