Sliding modes in electrical drives and motion control

In this paper application of Sliding Mode Control (SMC) to electrical drives and motion control systems is discussed. It is shown that in these applications simplicity in implementation makes concepts of SMC a very attractive design alternative. Application in electrical drives control is discussed for supply via different topologies of the supply converters. Motion control is discussed for single degree of freedom motion control systems as an extension of the control of mechanical coordinates in electrical drives. Extension to multi-body systems is discussed very briefly

Electron Microscopic Recording of Myosin Head Power and Recovery Strokes Using the Gas Environmental Chamber

Despite extensive studies, the amplitude and the mode of the myosin head movement, coupled with ATP hydrolysis, still remain to be a matter for debate and speculation. To obtain direct information about the ATP-coupled myosin head movement, we prepared synthetic myosin filaments (myosin-myosin rod copolymer), in which myosin heads were position-marked with gold particles via antibodies to myosin heads and kept in hydrated, living state in the gas environmental chamber. ATP was applied to the specimen iontophoretically by passing the current to an ATP-containing microelectrode, and the ATP-induced myosin head movement was recorded with an imaging plate system under a magnification of 10,000×, with the following novel findings: (1) In the absence of ATP, myosin heads fluctuate around a definite neutral position. (2) In the absence of actin filaments, myosin heads move away from the bare region of myosin filaments (recovery stroke, average amplitude, 6 nm) on ATP application and return to the neutral position after exhaustion of ATP. (3) In the presence of actin filaments, the ATP-induced myosin head power stroke exhibits two different modes depending on mechanical conditions. (4) Myosin heads determine the direction of ATP-induced movement without being guided by actin filaments

Measurement of Nucleotide Exchange Rate Constants in Single Rabbit Soleus Myofibrils during Shortening and Lengthening Using a Fluorescent ATP Analog

ABSTRACT The kinetics of displacement of a fluorescent nucleotide, 2Ј(3Ј) amido]ethyl]carbamoyl]-adenosine 5Ј-triphosphate (Cy3-EDA-ATP), bound to rabbit soleus muscle myofibrils were studied using flash photolysis of caged ATP. Use of myofibrils from this slow twitch muscle allowed better resolution of the kinetics of nucleotide exchange than previous studies with psoas muscle myofibril

ドウブツ ノ ゾウ ヲ ナデル マジナイ シグサ ヘノ ニンシキ ヲ メグッテ

As a part of my research on magic and lucky charms related to stroking gestures, this paper focuses on the stroking of animal statues and discusses the perception of stroking gestures found in this context. In this paper, we have first taken up the various magics and good-luck charms associated with the stroking gesture, and the fact that even today, good-luck charms are made and dedicated to the shrines or temples. In addition, we pointed out that these are important in that they allow us to reevaluate magics that were considered to have been lost in the past from the viewpoint of the stroking gesture, and placed this paper in the study of "physical tradition" proposed by Kuraishi. Later, we referred to Tsunemitsu, who analyzed this gesture from a folklore perspective and presented a problematic view of gesture in folklore. Then, based on Yanagita's four categories of witchcraft, we defined the premise of the stroking gesture in magic, and referring to Itabashi's discussion, we presented the view of magic in this paper. The cow, tortoise, and rabbit were taken up as magics for stroking animal statues. In analyzing these cases, I examined the perception of the stroking gesture. The position of the animal being stroked was sometimes that of a divine messenger, but sometimes that of a non-divine messenger. Also, it was pointed out that some magics were established based on the characteristics of the animal, and some aspects of stroking lucky charms were clarified. We noted three perceptions of the stroking gesture: "aiding in prayer," "giving and receiving power through the hands," and "receiving the benefit of a spell. These vary depending on the type of animal being stroked. In addition, we noted the differences in perceptions toward the body and awareness of directionality that we found among them.研究論文Article