Effect of sonication on phase separation of ethanol-water-petrol at specific temperatures

Ethanol blending with petrol is an alternative source of green energy but ethanol is so hydrophilic that it can absorb water from its surroundings thus causing phase separations on the blend. In this research, the effects of sonication on six heterogeneous blend ratios containing ethanol, petrol and water were evaluated and their stabilities at different temperatures 15ºC, 25ºC, and 35ºC respectively. The more ethanol content in the solution, the less the amount of energy obtained per liter of the solution. A sonicator was set at different amplitudes in order to investigate the effects of the amount of sound energy on the homogenizing the solutions. It was found that the greater the amplitude, the less time needed to achieve a homogeneous solution and the greater the temperature gradient. However, the time needed to achieve this was different depending on the solution compositions. Before storage, all the samples were sonicated using amplitude of 40% and a cycle of 1. Another observation that was made is different solution temperatures upon forming a homogeneous solution and the final temperature after 6 minutes of sonication at 40% amplitude. The higher the temperature gradient generated by sonication, the faster it takes to reach a homogeneous solution. The homogeneous solutions after sonication were stored under the temperatures mentioned above. At 15ºC, it was found that all the samples formed two phases, thus further investigation is needed for better conclusion of enhancement of the blending process at 15 0C using sonication. At 25ºC, the three components’ formed heterogeneous mixture; which means that as one moves away from the phase boundary into the cloudy phase, it becomes more difficult to sonicated a sample to form a stable homogeneous solution. Generally, the greater the storage temperature, the more stable the solution will be. Ethanol composition was also measured on the samples that had complete phase separations in order to compare ethanol distribution values between the sonicated samples and the ones which were just stirred with the mixtures being of the same composition. Sonicated samples show a change in the phase equilibrium values, that is, different ethanol distribution values between the water and petrol phases. It was found that ethanol retention in the petrol phase was greater for the sonicated samples as compared to the stirred ones and this was true for up to 60days of storage. However, ethanol concentration in the petrol phase seemed to be approaching the stirred solution equilibrium as the 30day ethanol concentration was greater than the 60day one. The phase diagram can be altered using ultrasound and whenever a phase change has occurred, a corresponding phase diagram results

Application of information and communication technology for preventive of communicable disease by public health workers in states of northern Nigeria

The study was undertaken to investigate the Application of Information and Communication Technology in communicable disease prevention by public health workers in northern state of Nigeria. Four research questions were raised for the study and a case approach was adopted for the study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select three respondents. The respondents were heads of information and communication units of the public health department of Benue, Gombe and Kaduna state ministries of health. Interview was used as instrument for data collection. The data was analyzed using content analysis and coding. The finding revealed that radio, internet, television and mobile phones were used in communicable disease prevention by public health workers. The study also revealed that Surveillance, education and awareness, mobilization, outbreak alert and appointment reminders were the activities public health workers use ICT facilities for in communicable disease prevention. On usefulness of ICT facilities in communicable disease prevention, the study revealed that ICT targets wide audience saves time address the shortage of staff and eliminate the problems of geographical location. Factors that affect the use of ICTs for communicable disease prevention such as power failure, network problem, failure of equipment, maintenance of ICT facilities and manpower shortage were revealed. The study concluded that ICT facilities were used in communicable disease prevention despite the challenges discovered. In view of this, a number of recommendations were made including addressing the problems of power supply, designing or activating existing websites and proper maintenance of ICT facilities anytime they are used to ensure they are functioning and serving.Keywords: Information and Communication Technology, communicable Disease, Public Health Worker

Updated stellar yields from Asymptotic Giant Branch models

An updated grid of stellar yields for low to intermediate-mass thermally-pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars are presented. The models cover a range in metallicity Z = 0.02, 0.008, 0.004, and 0.0001, and masses between 1Msun to 6Msun. New intermediate-mass Z = 0.0001 AGB models are also presented, along with a finer mass grid than used in previous studies. The yields are computed using an updated reaction rate network that includes the latest NeNa and MgAl proton capture rates, with the main result that between ~6 to 30 times less Na is produced by intermediate-mass models with hot bottom burning. In low-mass AGB models we investigate the effect on the production of light elements of including some partial mixing of protons into the intershell region during the deepest extent of each third dredge-up episode. The protons are captured by the abundant 12C to form a 13C pocket. The 13C pocket increases the yields of 19F, 23Na, the neutron-rich Mg and Si isotopes, 60Fe, and 31P. The increase in 31P is by factors of ~4 to 20, depending on the metallicity. Any structural changes caused by the addition of the 13C pocket into the He-intershell are ignored. However, the models considered are of low mass and any such feedback is likely to be small. Further study is required to test the accuracy of the yields from the partial-mixing models. For each mass and metallicity, the yields are presented in a tabular form suitable for use in galactic chemical evolution studies or for comparison to the composition of planetary nebulae.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS; 15 page

Influence of PWM techniques on an induction motor powered by three-phase voltage inverter

This paper presents a study on the influence of different PWM control techniques for a voltage inverter on an induction motor. In the first step, we implemented the PWM techniques using the Xilinx System Generator tool, which allows implementation on the FPGA board. Then, we compared the different PWM techniques and their effects on the operation of the induction motor. The results obtained showed that the motor reached the nominal speed, with the best results for starting current and torque achieved by the Triplen Injection PWM (THIPWM) technique compared to the other two techniques, enabling good motor performance

Gamma ray production cross sections in proton induced reactions on natural Mg, Si and Fe targets over the proton energy range 30 up to 66 MeV

Gamma-ray excitation functions have been measured for 30, 42, 54 and 66 MeV proton beams accelerated onto C + O (Mylar), Mg, Si, and Fe targets of astrophysical interest at the separate-sector cyclotron of iThemba LABS in Somerset West (Cape Town, South Africa). A large solid angle, high energy resolution detection system of the Eurogam type was used to record Gamma-ray energy spectra. Derived preliminary results of Gamma-ray line production cross sections for the Mg, Si and Fe target nuclei are reported and discussed. The current cross section data for known, intense Gamma-ray lines from these nuclei consistently extend to higher proton energies previous experimental data measured up to Ep ~ 25 MeV at the Orsay and Washington tandem accelerators. Data for new Gamma-ray lines observed for the first time in this work are also reported.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures. IOP Institute of Physics Conference Nuclear Physics in Astrophysics VII, 28th EPF Nuclear Physics Divisional Conference, May 18-22 2015, York, U

On the asymptotic giant branch star origin of peculiar spinel grain OC2

Microscopic presolar grains extracted from primitive meteorites have extremely anomalous isotopic compositions revealing the stellar origin of these grains. The composition of presolar spinel grain OC2 is different from that of all other presolar spinel grains. Large excesses of the heavy Mg isotopes are present and thus an origin from an intermediate-mass (IM) asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star was previously proposed for this grain. We discuss the isotopic compositions of presolar spinel grain OC2 and compare them to theoretical predictions. We show that the isotopic composition of O, Mg and Al in OC2 could be the signature of an AGB star of IM and metallicity close to solar experiencing hot bottom burning, or of an AGB star of low mass (LM) and low metallicity suffering very efficient cool bottom processing. Large measurement uncertainty in the Fe isotopic composition prevents us from discriminating which model better represents the parent star of OC2. However, the Cr isotopic composition of the grain favors an origin in an IM-AGB star of metallicity close to solar. Our IM-AGB models produce a self-consistent solution to match the composition of OC2 within the uncertainties related to reaction rates. Within this solution we predict that the 16O(p,g)17F and the 17O(p,a)14N reaction rates should be close to their lower and upper limits, respectively. By finding more grains like OC2 and by precisely measuring their Fe and Cr isotopic compositions, it may be possible in the future to derive constraints on massive AGB models from the study of presolar grains.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication on Astronomy & Astrophysic

Indirect study of 19Ne states near the 18F+p threshold

The early E < 511 keV gamma-ray emission from novae depends critically on the 18F(p,a)15O reaction. Unfortunately the reaction rate of the 18F(p,a)15O reaction is still largely uncertain due to the unknown strengths of low-lying proton resonances near the 18F+p threshold which play an important role in the nova temperature regime. We report here our last results concerning the study of the d(18F,p)19F(alpha)15N transfer reaction. We show in particular that these two low-lying resonances cannot be neglected. These results are then used to perform a careful study of the remaining uncertainties associated to the 18F(p,a)15O and 18F(p,g)19Ne reaction rates.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures. Accepted in Nuclear Physics

PARSEC: stellar tracks and isochrones with the PAdova and TRieste Stellar Evolution Code

We present the updated version of the code used to compute stellar evolutionary tracks in Padova. It is the result of a thorough revision of the major input physics, together with the inclusion of the pre-main sequence phase, not present in our previous releases of stellar models. Another innovative aspect is the possibility of promptly generating accurate opacity tables fully consistent with any selected initial chemical composition, by coupling the OPAL opacity data at high temperatures to the molecular opacities computed with our AESOPUS code (Marigo & Aringer 2009). In this work we present extended sets of stellar evolutionary models for various initial chemical compositions, while other sets with different metallicities and/or different distributions of heavy elements are being computed. For the present release of models we adopt the solar distribution of heavy elements from the recent revision by Caffau et al. (2011), corresponding to a Sun's metallicity Z=0.0152. From all computed sets of stellar tracks, we also derive isochrones in several photometric systems. The aim is to provide the community with the basic tools to model star clusters and galaxies by means of population synthesis techniques.Comment: To appear on MNRAS. While the full database is still being prepared, the first isochrones can be retrieved via http://stev.oapd.inaf.it/cm

POSITION-SPECIFIC BODY COMPOSITION DIFFERENCES IN ELITE HANDBALL ATHLETES

This study aims to analyze position-specific  body  composition  differences among elite handball athletes. A descriptive methodology was employed, involving     a sample of 19 players from the Algerian national elite league team, WA Ain Touta. The sample was divided into five playing  positions: goalkeepers (3), center backs  (4), wings (6), backs (4), and pivots (2). The InBody770 device was used to measure various body composition parameters with high precision. The results revealed statistically significant differences in skeletal muscle mass, and intracellular and extracellular water levels across playing positions. Pivots showed the highest values in several metrics compared to other positions, such as wings and backs. However, no significant differences were observed in fat percentage, body mass index, or visceral fat. These findings highlight the influence of playing position on body composition in elite handball players, emphasizing the importance of tailored physical conditioning programs for each position

Konsep kebahagiaan menurut Aristoteles

Banyak orang mengira bahwa kebahagiaan adalah pencapaian cita-cita dan keberhasilan dalam apa yang diinginkan, dan siapa yang dapat mencapainya berarti telah mendapatkan kebahagiaan sempurna. Menurut Aristoteles kebahagiaan yang sempurna hanya dapat dicapai oleh manusia yang bijaksana, yaitu manusia yang selalu bertindak dalam penerangan budinya, karena buudinyalah yang membedakan dia dari binatang. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah; 1. Siapa Aristoteles, 2. Bagaimana konsep Aristoteles tentang kebahagiaan. Teknik pengumpulan datanya menggunakan library research, sedangkan teknik analisa datanya menggunakan teknik dedukasi, metode induktif dan metode deskripsi. Sehingga penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa; 1. Aristoteles adalah seorang tokoh filsafat Yunani kuno. Beliau adalah murid dan anggota masyarakat academia yang dipimpin Plato. Dia dikenal sebagi murid terpandai diantara murid lainnya. 2. Kebahagiaan menurut Aristoteles adalah; a. kebahagiaan merupakan kesempurnaan dan akhir puncak dari kebaikan. b. kebahagiaan merupakan kebaikan yang setinggi-tingginya, ini ditekankan pada ciri khas yang dimiliki manusia yaitu akal budinya. c. Menurut beliau bahagia adalah mengfungsikan akalnya secara maximal dengan mewujudkan kemampuan secara penuh sebagai manusia. d. di samping perbuatan mulia, untuk memperoleh kesempurnaan, kebahagiaan juga tergantung pada keadaan