Genetic Diversity and Evolution of Yunnan Chicken Breeds of China

Chickens are the first type of bird that was domesticated and spread widely in the world to cover the growing demand for animal protein from meat and eggs, and it was cultivated from a wild ancestor known Red junglefowl (Gallus gallus). Yunnan Province is considered the most diverse in culture and biology among all the provinces of China. There are a total of more than 24 chicken breeds in Yunnan Province. These chickens are characterized by good quality of their meat and eggs, a good immune system against diseases, and the ability to adapt to various environmental and administrative conditions. Yunnan Province is one of the centers of domestication and evolutionary of chickens in the world. There are many studies that have been conducted to evaluate and study the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationship within and among chicken breeds in Yunnan Province and their relationship with wild chicken species and other chicken breeds using phenotypic markers, protein polymorphisms, SNPs marker, microsatellite marker, and mitochondrial DNA marker. However, there is no review that summarizes these studies, and most of these studies were authored in the Chinese language. Therefore, we have reviewed all studies that have been conducted on Yunnan chicken breeds diversity in Yunnan Province

Impact of dietary protein on lipid metabolism-related gene expression in porcine adipose tissue

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>High dietary protein can reduce fat deposition in animal subcutaneous adipose tissue, but little is known about the mechanism.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Sixty Wujin pigs of about 15 kg weight were fed either high protein (HP: 18%) or low protein (LP: 14%) diets, and slaughtered at body weights of 30, 60 or 100 kg. Bloods were collected to measure serum parameters. Subcutaneous adipose tissues were sampled for determination of adipocyte size, protein content, lipid metabolism-related gene expression, and enzyme activities.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>HP significantly reduced adipocyte size, fat meat percentage and backfat thickness, but significantly increased daily gain, lean meat percentage and loin eye area at 60 and 100 kg. Serum free fatty acid and triglyceride concentrations in the HP group were significantly higher than in the LP group. Serum glucose and insulin concentrations were not significantly affected by dietary protein at any body weight. HP significantly reduced gene expression of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) at 60 kg and 100 kg; however, the mRNA level and enzyme activity of FAS were increased at 30 kg. HP promoted gene and protein expression and enzyme activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), carmitine palmtoyltransferase-1B (CPT-1B), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor <it>γ </it>(PPAR<it>γ</it>) and adipocyte-fatty acid binding proteins (A-FABP) at 60 kg, but reduced their expression at 100 kg.</p> <p>Gene expression and enzyme activity of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) was reduced markedly at 60 kg but increased at 100 kg by the high dietary protein. Levels of mRNA, enzyme activities and protein expression of ACC, FAS, SREBP-1c and PPAR<it>γ </it>in both LP and HP groups increased with increasing body weight. However, gene and protein expression levels/enzyme activities of LPL, CPT-1B, A-FABP and HSL in both groups were higher at 60 kg than at 30 and 100 kg.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Fat deposition in Wujin pigs fed high dietary protein for 25 weeks was reduced mainly by depression of lipogenic gene expression. The mechanism of lipid transport, lipolysis and oxidation in adipose tissue regulated by dietary protein appeared to be different at 60 kg and 100 kg body weights.</p

Analysis of Nutrient Composition and Flavor Substances of Fresh Amomum tsao-ko

To study the nutritional composition and flavor characteristic substances of fresh Amomum tsao-ko, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), amino acid autoanalyzer, and gas chromatography-sniffing were used to analyze and identify the nutritional composition and volatile flavor substances of fresh Amomum tsao-ko. The results showed that fresh Amomum tsao-ko contained the highest moisture content of 70.61%, crude fat of 2.35%, crude protein of 2.76%, and total ash of 5.94%. A total of 30 fatty acids were detected in fresh Amomum tsao-ko, with contents ranging from 0.10 to 3.45 mg/mL, among which, 12 saturated fatty acids accounted for 57.99% of the total amount, and 18 unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 47.23% of the total amount. Among the nine amino acids detected, lysine was the highest and valine was the lowest. By comparing the aroma characteristics, mass spectra, and retention indices with those of the standards, 46 volatile flavor substances were identified from them, and citral, (Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal, (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal, trans-2-dodecenal, and trans-2-octadienal were found to be in high contents. The key aroma components of fresh Amomum tsao-ko were identified as nine substances, namely, trans-2-dodecenal, (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal, trans-2-octenal, n-octanal, 4-isopropyltoluene, (Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal, (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal, citral, and eucalyptol, based on the intensity value of the aroma and its odor activity value. The results would provide a theoretical basis for the drying and processing of fresh Amomum tsao-ko and product development

Некоторые аспекты эффективности обучения при переходе от очной формы обучения к дистанционной

ВЫСШЕЕ МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕОБРАЗОВАНИЕ МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ /МЕТОДЫОЧНАЯ ФОРМА ОБУЧЕНИЯЗАОЧНАЯ ФОРМА ОБУЧЕНИЯДИСТАНЦИОННОЕ ОБУЧЕНИЕ /МЕТОДЫОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПРОЦЕССХИМИЯ (ДИСЦИПЛИНА

Antibodies to Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein Are Pathogenic in Mice and May Be Clinically Relevant in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is an autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and experimental models of arthritis. This study was undertaken to investigate the structure, function, and relevance of anti-COMP antibodies. Methods. We investigated the pathogenicity of monoclonal anti-COMP antibodies in mice using passive transfer experiments, and we explored the interaction of anti-COMP antibodies with cartilage using immunohistochemical staining. The interaction of the monoclonal antibody 15A11 in complex with its specific COMP epitope P6 was determined by x-ray crystallography. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a surface plasma resonance technique were used to study the modulation of calcium ion binding to 15A11. The clinical relevance and value of serum IgG specific to the COMP P6 epitope and its citrullinated variants were evaluated in a large Swedish cohort of RA patients. Results. The murine monoclonal anti-COMP antibody 15A11 induced arthritis in naive mice. The crystal structure of the 15A11-P6 complex explained how the antibody could bind to COMP, which can be modulated by calcium ions. Moreover, serum IgG specific to the COMP P6 peptide and its citrullinated variants was detectable at significantly higher levels in RA patients compared to healthy controls and correlated with a higher disease activity score. Conclusion. Our findings provide the structural basis for binding a pathogenic anti-COMP antibody to cartilage. The recognized epitope can be citrullinated, and levels of antibodies to this epitope are elevated in RA patients and correlate with higher disease activity, implicating a pathogenic role of anti-COMP antibodies in a subset of RA patients.</p

Property-controlling Enzymes at the Membrane Interface

Monotopic proteins represent a specialized group of membrane proteins in that they are engaged in biochemical events taking place at the membrane interface. In particular, the monotopic lipid-synthesizing enzymes are able to synthesize amphiphilic lipid products by catalyzing two biochemically distinct molecules (substrates) at the membrane interface. Thus, from an evolutionary point of view, anchoring into the membrane interface enables monotopic enzymes to confer sensitivity to a changing environment by regulating their activities in the lipid biosynthetic pathways in order to maintain a certain membrane homeostasis. We are focused on a plant lipid-synthesizing enzyme DGD2 involved in phosphate shortage stress, and analyzed the potentially important lipid anchoring segments of it, by a set of biochemical and biophysical approaches. A mechanism was proposed to explain how DGD2 adjusts its activity to maintain a proper membrane. In addition, a multivariate-based bioinformatics approach was used to predict the lipid-binding segments for GT-B fold monotopic enzymes. In contrast, a soluble protein Myr1 from yeast, implicated in vesicular traffic, was also proposed to be a membrane stress sensor as it is able to exert different binding properties to stressed membranes, which is probably due to the presence of strongly plus-charged clusters in the protein. Moreover, a bacterial monotopic enzyme MGS was found to be able to induce massive amounts of intracellular vesicles in Escherichia coli cells. The mechanisms involve several steps: binding, bilayer lateral expansion, stimulation of lipid synthesis, and membrane bending. Proteolytic and mutant studies indicate that plus-charged residues and the scaffold-like structure of MGS are crucial for the vesiculation process. Hence, a number of features are involved governing the behaviour of monotopic membrane proteins at the lipid bilayer interface.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript

Genetic Diversity and Evolution of Yunnan Chicken Breeds of China

Chickens are the first type of bird that was domesticated and spread widely in the world to cover the growing demand for animal protein from meat and eggs, and it was cultivated from a wild ancestor known Red junglefowl (Gallus gallus). Yunnan Province is considered the most diverse in culture and biology among all the provinces of China. There are a total of more than 24 chicken breeds in Yunnan Province. These chickens are characterized by good quality of their meat and eggs, a good immune system against diseases, and the ability to adapt to various environmental and administrative conditions. Yunnan Province is one of the centers of domestication and evolutionary of chickens in the world. There are many studies that have been conducted to evaluate and study the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationship within and among chicken breeds in Yunnan Province and their relationship with wild chicken species and other chicken breeds using phenotypic markers, protein polymorphisms, SNPs marker, microsatellite marker, and mitochondrial DNA marker. However, there is no review that summarizes these studies, and most of these studies were authored in the Chinese language. Therefore, we have reviewed all studies that have been conducted on Yunnan chicken breeds diversity in Yunnan Province.</jats:p

Basic clusters and amphipathic helices contribute to interactions of Myr1/Syh1 with membrane phospholipids

The ability to associate transiently with membrane bilayers is an important property of many protein regulators of membrane trafficking, lipid transfer proteins, or signaling modules. Membrane association is also a property of Myr1/Syh1, a soluble GYF domain protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, previously reported to rescue the temperature sensitive growth of ypt6 and ric1 null strains. Here, we further demonstrate that MYR1 also rescued the vacuole fragmentation phenotype of the ypt6 and ric1 mutants. The mechanism behind these genetic interactions is likely linked to the capacity of the Myr1/Syh1 protein to associate with phospholipid membranes. In order to elucidate further the nature of the interactions with vesicular traffic, we studied protein-protein and protein-phospholipid association of isolated domains from Myr1/Syh1. Using a two-hybrid assay, we confirmed the capacity of Myr1/Syh1 to self-associate in vivo. We measured in vitro the affinity of recombinant Myr1/Syh1 domains fused to GFP for liposomes reconstituted from synthetic and natural yeast lipids by sedimentation techniques. The herewith established affinities of Myr1/Syh1 to specific lipids, combined with evidence for its interactions with membrane traffic and protein synthesis, provide support for a possible function of Myr1/Syh1 as a regulator sensing membrane composition along the vesicular pathways.</p

Evaluation the possibility of vortex-induced resonance for a multistage pressure reducing valve

A multistage pressure reducing valve is presented in this paper. The pressure reducing components are specially designed to not only control the flow rate but also effectively prevent the cavitation vibration. However, when the fluid flows through the pressure reducing components, the divergence and shedding of the vortices in the flow field seriously affect the stability of the valve and cause vortex-induced vibration. Especially, the main frequency of the vortex shedding is in the same frequency range as the modal frequency of the valve, the vortex-induced resonance of the valve occurs. It seriously affects the safety of a control system. In this paper, by monitoring the lift coefficient of the vortex cross flow in the valve, the frequency spectrum information of the lift coefficient is used as the novelty indexes to indicate vortex-induced vibration of the fluid in the valve. The main frequency and amplitude of vortex-induced vibration are obtained. The factors affecting the vortex-induced vibration of the fluid are analyzed. The results indicate that vortex-induced vibration is the most serious when the valve is opened or closed. The variation of the flow velocity and the pressure difference have obvious effects on vortex-induced vibration of the valve. The intensity of the variation affects the main frequency and amplitude of vortex-induced vibration. Using thermal-fluid-solid coupling modal analysis instead of traditional modal analysis, the modal frequency under the working state of the valve is obtained. It is compared with the main frequency of vortex shedding, and vortex-induced resonance does not occur in the multistage pressure reducing valve.</jats:p