New Ways of Thinking About Cultural Property: A Critical Appraisal of the Antiquities Trade Debates

In debates over the trade in archaeological objects or antiquities, on one end are those who believe that everyone has a shared interest in and claim to the common heritage of humanity, and thus support a vibrant and legal trade in cultural materials. On the other end are those who believe that cultural objects have special significance for specific groups and thus support the efforts of such groups to regulate their trade and seek their repatriation. The aim of this Essay is to critically examine the components of each group\u27s arguments--their goals, assumptions, and inconsistencies--and try, where possible, to identify what implicit concerns may be driving their current stances in the debate. For it is only when we unpack the individual positions and arguments of the different stakeholders in the antiquities debates that we may move the discussion forward from its current stalemate and develop more nuanced policies, which not only may represent pragmatic solutions, but might better satisfy the many interests involved

The Other Press, June 2, 1999

International audienceCet article propose une réflexion sur le concept de réactivité, fondée sur une investigation empirique conduite en 2010 dans des réseaux de franchise en France. Alors que la réactivité est aujourd'hui considérée comme une réponse adéquate en période de crise économique, il convient de revenir sur ce concept, pourtant bien connu en stratégie, en prenant en compte les dimensions interorganisationnelles. En effet, les entreprises ne travaillent pas seules mais sont impliquées dans des réseaux d'affaires, ce qui nécessite d'ajouter à la dimension individuelle de la réactivité, une dimension collective (ou interorganisationnelle). Notre démarche de type exploratoire, a reposé sur une analyse de contenu thématique pratiquée sur une trentaine d'entretiens effectués auprès de différents acteurs de la franchise (experts, franchiseurs et franchisés) issus de secteurs variés d'activité (réparation automobile, commerce alimentaire, immobilier etc.). Les résultats auxquels nous sommes parvenus, sont constitués des différentes facettes de la réactivité en contexte interorganisationnel : en tant que réponse à la crise, en tant que processus de décision et en tant que compétence organisationnelle

L'influence du commerce équitable pour le développement durable dans la filière agroalimentaire du miel au Brésil

International audienceCet article vise présenter comment et avec quelles conséquences le commerce équitable influence le développement durable dans la filière agroalimentaire de miel au Brésil pour le développement durable. L'étude a été faite dans la filière de la Centrale des Coopératives Apicoles du Semi-aride Brésilien – CASA APIS. Le processus méthodologique a été divisé en deux étapes : la recherche bibliographique et l'étude de cas unique (Yin, 2010) ; et l'analyse des données a été faite par l'analyse de contenu et la méthode triangulation de différentes sources de données (YIN, 2010 ; Bardin, 2011). Nous avons conclu que la certification du commerce équitable (Fairtrade) contribue au développement durable en luttant contre la réduction de la pauvreté, en travaillant pour la protection de l'environnement, l'éthique de la croissance économique et le développement des politiques équitables

Dynamics in the vicinity of (101955) Bennu: Solar radiation pressure effects in equatorial orbits

Here we study the dynamical effects of the solar radiation pressure (SRP) on a spacecraft that will survey the near-Earth rotating asteroid (101955) Bennu when the projected shadow is accounted for. The spacecraft's motion near (101955) Bennu is modelled in the rotating frame fixed at the centre of the asteroid, neglecting the sun gravity effects. We calculate the solar radiation pressure at the perihelion, semi-major axis and aphelion distances of the asteroid from the Sun. The goals of this work are to analyse the stability for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous mass distribution and study the effects of the solar radiation pressure in equatorial orbits close to the asteroid (101955) Bennu. As results, we find that the mascon model divided into ten equal layers seems to be the most suitable for this problem. We can highlight that the centre point $E$8, which was linearly stable in the case of the homogeneous mass distribution, becomes unstable in this new model changing its topological structure. For a Sun initial longitude $\psi_0 = -180^o$, starting with the spacecraft longitude $\lambda = 0$, the orbits suffer fewer impacts and some (between 0.4 and 0.5 km), remaining unwavering even if the maximum solar radiation is considered. When we change the initial longitude of the Sun to $\psi_0 = -135^o$, the orbits with initial longitude $\lambda = 90^0$ appear to be more stable. Finally, when the passage of the spacecraft in the shadow is accounted for, the effects of solar radiation pressure are softened, and we find more stable orbits.Comment: Accepted 2017 May 10. Received 2017 April 29; in original form 2017 January 1

The dynamical environment of asteroid 21 Lutetia according to different internal models

One of the most accurate models currently used to represent the gravity field of irregular bodies is the polyhedral approach. In this model, the mass of the body is assumed to be homogeneous, which may not be true for a real object. The main goal of the present paper is to study the dynamical effects induced by three different internal structures (uniform, three- and four-layers) of asteroid (21) Lutetia, an object that recent results from space probe suggest being at least partially differentiated. The Mascon gravity approach used in the present work, consists of dividing each tetrahedron into eight parts to calculate the gravitational field around the asteroid. The zero-velocity curves show that the greatest displacement of the equilibrium points occurs in the position of the E4 point for the four-layers structure and the smallest one occurs in the position of the E3 point for the three-layers structure. Moreover, stability against impact shows that the planar limit gets slightly closer to the body with the four-layered structure. We then investigated the stability of orbital motion in the equatorial plane of (21) Lutetia and propose numerical stability criteria to map the region of stable motions. Layered structures could stabilize orbits that were unstable in the homogeneous model.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, and 4 Tables. Accepted for publication in MNRA

Coordinated nuclease activities counteract Ku at single-ended DNA double-strand breaks.

Repair of single-ended DNA double-strand breaks (seDSBs) by homologous recombination (HR) requires the generation of a 3' single-strand DNA overhang by exonuclease activities in a process called DNA resection. However, it is anticipated that the highly abundant DNA end-binding protein Ku sequesters seDSBs and shields them from exonuclease activities. Despite pioneering works in yeast, it is unclear how mammalian cells counteract Ku at seDSBs to allow HR to proceed. Here we show that in human cells, ATM-dependent phosphorylation of CtIP and the epistatic and coordinated actions of MRE11 and CtIP nuclease activities are required to limit the stable loading of Ku on seDSBs. We also provide evidence for a hitherto unsuspected additional mechanism that contributes to prevent Ku accumulation at seDSBs, acting downstream of MRE11 endonuclease activity and in parallel with MRE11 exonuclease activity. Finally, we show that Ku persistence at seDSBs compromises Rad51 focus assembly but not DNA resection.EMBO (long-term fellowship (ALTF 93-2010)), Cancer Research UK (Grant IDs: C6/A11224, C6/A18796, C6946/A14492), La Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (senior post-doctoral fellowship, Equipe Labellisée 2013), Wellcome Trust (WT092096), University of Cambridge, INSERMThis is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Nature Publishing Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1288

Towards a regional ocean forecasting system for the IBI (Iberia-Biscay-Ireland area): developments and improvements within the ECOOP project framework

The regional ocean operational system remains a key element in downscaling from large scale (global or basin scale) systems to coastal ones. It enables the transition between systems in which the resolution and the resolved physics are quite different. Indeed, coastal applications need a system to predict local high frequency events (inferior to the day) such as storm surges, while deep sea applications need a system to predict large scale lower frequency ocean features. In the framework of the ECOOP project, a regional system for the Iberia-Biscay-Ireland area has been upgraded from an existing V0 version to a V2. This paper focuses on the improvements from the V1 system, for which the physics are close to a large scale basin system, to the V2 for which the physics are more adapted to shelf and coastal issues. Strong developments such as higher regional physics resolution in the NEMO Ocean General Circulation Model for tides, non linear free surface and adapted vertical mixing schemes among others have been implemented in the V2 version. Thus, regional thermal fronts due to tidal mixing now appear in the latest version solution and are quite well positioned. Moreover, simulation of the stratification in shelf areas is also improved in the V2

Étude pilote de l’entretien motivationnel chez des personnes condamnées pour conduite avec facultés affaiblies

Dans cette étude pilote contrôlée et randomisée (N = 51), nous avons examiné l’impact d’une intervention brève, l’entretien motivationnel (EM, Motivational Interviewing), comparée à une simple séance d’information comme condition contrôle, chez des personnes condamnées pour conduite avec facultés affaiblies. Les participants devaient avoir un diagnostic actif d’abus ou de dépendance à l’alcool et devaient être recrutés en dehors des programmes officiels de traitement pour conducteurs avec facultés affaiblies de façon à tester l’EM chez des individus qui n’étaient pas nécessairement prêts à changer. Nous avons évalué le pourcentage de jours de forte consommation d’alcool (≥ 6 consommations standards d’alcool par jour), les résultats à l’AUDIT et l’utilisation de services après trois et six mois de suivi. Les résultats indiquent que l’exposition à l’EM a entraîné une réduction significativement plus grande du nombre de jours à forte consommation d’alcool et du nombre de visites à des professionnels de la santé après six mois de suivi. L’ampleur des effets observés est comparable à celle que l’on peut retrouver dans d’autres études employant l’EM avec différentes populations ayant un problème d’alcool. Quoique préliminaires, ces résultats suggèrent que l’emploi de l’EM pourrait être avantageux, même chez des individus qui ne sont pas engagés dans un processus de réhabilitation. Une étude plus approfondie du potentiel de l’EM conduisant directement à une amélioration de la conduite en état d’ébriété est clairement justifiée.A pilot randomized controlled trial (N = 51) investigated the impact of a brief intervention approach : Motivational Interviewing (MI), compared to a simple information session as a control condition, in offenders convicted of driving under the influence (DUI). Participants had a current diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence, and were recruited outside of mandated DUI remedial programs, in order to test MI in individuals who were not necessarily prepared to change. We evaluated the percentage of days of significant alcohol consumption (≥ 6 standard drinks a day), AUDIT scores and service utilization at three and six months follow-up. Results indicated that exposure to MI resulted in a significantly greater reduction in the number of days of significant alcohol consumption and fewer visits to health professionals at six months follow-up. Observed effect sizes were comparable to other studies of MI in different populations with alcohol problems. While preliminary, these results suggest that MI for DUI could have benefits, even in individuals who are not involved in a remedial process. A comprehensive study of MI’s potential in more directly improving drinking and driving outcomes is clearly warranted.En este estudio piloto controlado y aleatorio (N = 51), hemos examinado el impacto que produjo una breve intervención, la entrevista de motivación (EM, Motivational Interviewing), en personas condenadas por conducir con facultades debilitadas, comparándola a una simple sesión de información como condición de control. Los participantes debían tener un diagnóstico activo de abuso o de dependencia de alcohol y haber sido reclutados fuera de los programas oficiales de tratamiento para conductores con facultades debilitadas, con el objetivo de probar la entrevista de motivación en individuos que no estaban necesariamente preparados para cambiar. Hemos evaluado el porcentaje de días de fuerte consumo de alcohol (≥ 6 consumos regulares de alcohol por día), los resultados en la verificación y la utilización de los servicios luego de tres y seis meses de seguimiento. Los resultados indican que la exposición a la entrevista de motivación generó una reducción significativamente más importante de días de fuerte consumo de alcohol y de la cantidad de visitas a profesionales de la salud luego de seis meses de seguimiento. La amplitud de los efectos observados es comparable a la que se puede encontrar en otros estudios que emplean la entrevista de motivación con diferentes poblaciones que tienen un problema de alcohol. Si bien preliminares, estos resultados sugieren que el uso de las entrevistas de motivación podría ser ventajoso, incluso con individuos que no están comprometidos en un proceso de rehabilitación. Se justifica ampliamente un estudio más profundo de las posibilidades de la entrevista de motivación como medio para lograr directamente una mejoría en cuando a la conducción de vehículos en estado de ebriedad