Movements Into and Out of Child Poverty in New Zealand: Results from the Linked Income Supplement

This paper considers the dynamics of child income poverty in New Zealand. Annual movements into and out of poverty by children's households in New Zealand over the 1997/98, 1998/99, and 1999/2000 periods are analysed. The annual Income Supplement to the Household Labour Force Survey allows tracking of dwellings and people in two consecutive June quarterly weeks, and thus allows observation of changes in equivalised household disposable income over a June year. This project is the first to use the Linked Income Survey for analysis of income dynamics and is part of the Ministry of Social Policy's ongoing research on family dynamics. New Zealand adult and child poverty transitions are compared. Child poverty transitions in New Zealand are compared and contrasted to those of five other countries-Britain, Germany, Hungary, Russia and Spain-where a similar current income measure of poverty is available. The frequency of poverty "trigger events" in New Zealand and their impact on the chances of children exiting and entering poverty are compared to similar data for Britain and West Germany.Child poverty, household income, income mobility

Absenteeism and Overtime: Double Jeopardy

Une étude récente (Johnson et Peterson, 1975) estime le coût de l'absentéisme pour les employeurs entre $110.00 et$300.00 par employé par année. On peut regrouper les facteurs qui affectent l'absentéisme sous trois grandes rubriques: l'environnement, l'entreprise et l'individu. La valeur positive du travail décline et l'intérêt pour les loisirs s'accroît. Le succès dans les activités libres apparaît plus important que le succès au travail. Ainsi, il s'est créé une ambiance peu propice au travail. Certaines variables à l'intérieur de l'entreprise, comme ses dimensions, le contenu des tâches, les relations entre les employés et le régime de rétribution influence l'absentéisme. Il en est de même de l'âge de l'employé, de son degré d'instruction et de son conditionnement social.Se fondant sur les points précédents et les conclusions inspirées par les études sur l'absentéisme, les auteurs ont utilisé les cartes de présence des salariés pour formuler les quatre hypothèses suivantes :1° Plus la tâche exige de qualifications, moins l'absentéisme est marqué. (Ingham, 1970; Mikalachki, 1975; Herzberg, 1966; Beatty 1975; Shore, octobre 1975.)2° Plus l'employé est jeune, plus l'absentéisme est élevé. (Beatty, 1975; Yolles et autres, 1975.)3° Plus la tâche est rémunérée, plus l'absentéisme est bas (Ingham, 1970; Legge, 1974; Legge 1975.)Les données ne confirment aucune des hypothèses précédentes.Celles-ci ont été analysées de nouveau en se fondant sur la variable suivante: la possibilité pour l'employé d'exercer un contrôle sur les heures supplémentaires qu'il lui est possible d'exécuter.Lorsque les travailleurs n'ont que peu à dire en matière d'heures supplémentaires, l'hypothèse ci-dessus se vérifie. C'est quand les travailleurs peuvent influencer les heures supplémentaires que les données deviennent faussées.Le contrôle du travailleur sur les heures supplémentaires exerce un poids considérable sur l'absentéisme. Dans une société où la valeur du travail décline et où l'intérêt pour les loisirs s'accroît, les travailleurs ne veulent que passer le moins de temps possible au travail en vue d'en retirer un revenu fixe. En faisant des heures supplémentaires et en s'absentant les jours de travail régulier, le travailleur atteint le but recherché, c'est-à-dire qu'il touche un meilleur revenu pour une période de travail plus courte.Les chefs d'entreprise, qui ont à affronter le problème de l'absentéisme, reconnaissent qu'il s'agit là d'une façon d'agir qui est renforcée par l'entreprise elle-même, par l'attitude individuelle et par les circonstances ambiantes. Quelques-uns ont compris le problème et mis au point des trucs qui raffermissent l'assiduité. En voici quelques-uns:Le système loterie: Tous les employés qui ont un dossier d'assiduité et de ponctualité parfait courent la chance d'obtenir une récompense mensuelle de cent dollars. Dans cette entreprise, le taux d'absentéisme a baissé de trente pour cent en moins d'un an. (Johnson et Wallin, 1976).La partie de poker. Chaque employé d'un service choisit une carte dans un paquet chaque jour de la semaine, celui qui a la meilleure main dans chaque service gagne vingt dollars. Dans cette société, l'absentéisme a baissé de 3.01 à 2.31 pour cent en trois mois. (Pedalino et Gambro, 1974).Le truc du chapeau. On tire les noms des employés de tous les services à la fin de chaque semaine. Le tirage continue jusqu'à ce que l'on tombe sur le nom d'un employé dont le dossier est parfait. Cet employé touche cent dollars. En un certain nombre de mois, l'absentéisme est tombé de dix à cinq pour cent. (Financial Post, octobre 1975).Ces méthodes montrent que le renforcement pratique de l'assiduité bien comprise peut avoir une influence certaine sur les habitudes de présence et de ponctualité au travail.This study investigated factors leading to absenteeism in a large auto plant employing about 1,000 workers. The hypotheses examined dealt with the effect on absenteeism of: the skill required for the job, the worker's age and health, and the base pay rate. The initial analysis proved opposite of what is usually found. An additional factor was examined: the ability of the worker to control the amount of overtime he worked. The data then showed that the worker who is able to achieve a set income for the fewest days in attendance by working overtime, uses this device to spend less time on the job. Ideas were also presented to show that positive reinforcement of good attendance can result in decreased absenteeism

An investigation into viewers’ trust in and response towards disclosed paid-for endorsements by YouTube lifestyle Vloggers.

This study investigates viewers’ trust in and response towards disclosed paid-for endorsements by YouTube lifestyle vloggers. With the law now enforcing disclosure of sponsorship within vlogger endorsements, this research is topical. This study explored the credibility of lifestyle vloggers, viewers’ attitudes towards paid-for endorsements and disclosure, and viewers’ responses towards endorsements. The research employed a qualitative method and found that lifestyle vloggers are considered by their viewers as highly credible and influential individuals. Disclosure was seen to increase vlogger credibility, improving the acceptance of the endorsement message. This was however only seen where the viewer had a positive pre-existing relationship with the vlogger. Where the viewer did not have a positive pre-existing relationship with the vlogger, a perception of opportunistic behavior commonly arose in association with the paid-for endorsement. Thus, the research found the disclosed sponsorship can still be effective where the recipient is an avid viewer

Movements Into and Out of Child Poverty in New Zealand: Results from the Linked Income Supplement

This paper considers the dynamics of child income poverty in New Zealand. Annual movements into and out of poverty by children’s households in New Zealand over the 1997/98, 1998/99, and 1999/2000 periods are analysed. The annual Income Supplement to the Household Labour Force Survey allows tracking of dwellings and people in two consecutive June quarterly weeks, and thus allows observation of changes in equivalised household disposable income over a June year. This project is the first to use the Linked Income Survey for analysis of income dynamics and is part of the Ministry of Social Policy’s ongoing research on family dynamics.New Zealand adult and child poverty transitions are compared. Child poverty transitions in New Zealand are compared and contrasted to those of five other countries—Britain, Germany, Hungary, Russia and Spain—where a similar current income measure of poverty is available. The frequency of poverty “trigger events” in New Zealand and their impact on the chances of children exiting and entering poverty are compared to similar data for Britain and West Germany.child poverty, household income, income mobility

The underactive bladder: detection and diagnosis.

The inability to generate a voiding contraction sufficient to allow efficient bladder emptying within a reasonable time frame is a common problem seen in urological practice. Typically, the symptoms that arise are voiding symptoms, such as weak and slow urinary flow. These symptoms can cause considerable bother to patients and impact upon quality of life. The urodynamic finding of inadequate detrusor contraction has been termed detrusor underactivity (DUA). Although a definition is available for this entity, there are no widely accepted diagnostic criteria. Drawing parallels to detrusor overactivity and the overactive bladder, the symptoms arising from DUA have been referred to as the "underactive bladder" (UAB), while attempts to crystallize the definition of UAB are now ongoing. In this article, we review the contemporary literature pertaining to the epidemiology and etiopathogenesis of DUA as well as discuss the definitional aspects that are currently under consideration

An Improved In Vivo Methodology to Visualise Tumour Induced Changes in Vasculature Using the Chick Chorionic Allantoic Membrane Assay

Background/Aim: Decreasing the vascularity of a tumour has proven to be an effective strategy to suppress tumour growth and metastasis. Anti-angiogenic therapies have revolutionized the treatment of advanced-stage cancers, however there is still demand for further improvement. This necessitates new experimental models that will allow researchers to reliably study aspects of angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to demonstrate an in vivo technique in which the highly vascular and accessible chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chick embryo is used to study tumour-induced changes in the macro and microvessels. Materials and Methods: Two cancer cell lines (human melanoma (C8161) and human prostate cancer (PC3)) were selected as model cells. Human dermal fibroblasts were used as a control. One million cells were labelled with green fluorescent protein and implanted on the CAM of the chick embryo at embryonic development day (EDD) 7 and angiogenesis was evaluated at EDDs 10, 12 and 14. A fluorescently-tagged lectin (lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA)) was injected intravenously into the chick embryo to label endothelial cells. The LCA is known to label the luminal surface of endothelial cells, or dextrans, in the CAM vasculature. Macrovessels were imaged by a hand-held digital microscope and images were processed for quantification. Microvessels were evaluated by confocal microscopy. Tumour invasion was assessed by histological and optical sectioning. Results: Tumour cells (C8161 and PC3) produced quantifiable increases in the total area covered by blood vessels, compared to fibroblasts when assessed by digital microscopy. Tumour invasion could be demonstrated by both histological and optical sectioning. The most significant changes in tumour vasculature observed were in the microvascular structures adjacent to the tumour cells, which showed an increase in the endothelial cell coverage. Additionally, tumour intravasation and tumour thrombus formation could be detected in the areas adjacent to tumour cells. The fragility of tumour blood vessels could be demonstrated when tumour cells seeded on a synthetic scaffold were grown on CAM. Conclusion: We report on a modification to a well-studied CAM in vivo assay, which can be effectively used to study tumour induced changes in macro and microvasculature

OnabotulinumtoxinA 100U provides significant improvements in overactive bladder symptoms in patients with urinary incontinence regardless of the number of anticholinergic therapies used or reason for inadequate management of overactive bladder

INTRODUCTION: A prespecified pooled analysis of two placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials evaluated whether the number of prior anticholinergics used or reason for their discontinuation affected the treatment response to onabotulinumtoxinA 100U in overactive bladder (OAB) patients with urinary incontinence (UI). METHODS: Patients with symptoms of OAB received intradetrusor injections of onabotulinumtoxinA 100U or placebo, sparing the trigone. Change from baseline at week 12 in UI episodes/day, proportion of patients reporting a positive response (‘greatly improved’ or ‘improved’) on the treatment benefit scale (TBS), micturition and urgency were evaluated by number of prior anticholinergics (1, 2 or ≥ 3) and reason for their discontinuation (insufficient efficacy or side effects). Adverse events (AE) were assessed. RESULTS: Patients had taken an average of 2.4 anticholinergics before study enrolment. OnabotulinumtoxinA reduced UI episodes/day from baseline vs. placebo, regardless of the number of prior anticholinergics (−2.82 vs. −1.52 for one prior anticholinergic; −2.58 vs. −0.58 for two prior anticholinergics; and −2.92 vs. −0.73 for three or more prior anticholinergics; all p < 0.001). The proportion of TBS responders was higher with onabotulinumtoxinA vs. placebo (69.0% vs. 37.2% for one prior anticholinergic; 58.8% vs. 24.8% for two prior anticholinergics and 56.4% vs. 22.5% for three or more prior anticholinergics; all p < 0.001). Similar results were observed regardless of the reason for discontinuation. OnabotulinumtoxinA reduced the episodes of urgency and frequency of micturition vs. placebo in all groups. AEs were well tolerated, with a comparable incidence in all groups. CONCLUSION: In patients with symptoms of OAB who were inadequately managed by one or more anticholinergics, onabotulinumtoxinA 100U provided significant and similar treatment benefit and safety profile regardless of the number of prior anticholinergics used or reason for inadequate management of OAB. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00910845, NCT00910520

Unpacking the drivers of corporate social performance: a multilevel, multistakeholder, and multimethod analysis

The question of what drives corporate social performance (CSP) has become a vital concern for many managers and researchers of large corporations. This study addresses this question by adopting a multilevel, multistakeholder, and multimethod approach to theorize and estimate the relative influence of macro (national business system and country), meso (industry), and micro (firm-level) factors on CSP. Applying three different methods of variance decomposition analysis to an international sample of 2,060 large public companies over a time span of 5 years, our results show that firm-level factors explain the largest proportion of variance in aggregate CSP as well as CSP oriented toward communities, the natural environment, and employees. These results support our hypotheses according to which CSP is not primarily driven by macrolevel or meso level factors, except for shareholder-oriented CSP, which is relatively more influenced by country-level factors. As a whole, our findings also point to the value of subdividing CSP into its stakeholder-specific components as this disaggregation allows for a more careful examination of distinct drivers of distinct aspects of CSP

Alternative job search strategies in remote rural and peri-urban labour markets: the role of social networks

This paper examines the importance of informal methods (especially social networking) to the job search strategies used by unemployed people. It compares three areas: a small rural town; a larger, more sparsely populated, remote rural area; and a centrally-located, peri-urban labour market. The analysis is based first on survey research undertaken with 490 job seekers across the study areas. Emerging issues were then followed up during a series of twelve focus groups. The survey research showed that job seekers in the rural study areas were significantly more likely to use social networks to look for work. However, those who had experienced repeated or long-term periods out of work, the unskilled and young people were significantly less likely to use such networks. Focus groups confirmed the perceived importance of social networking to the job search process in rural areas, in contrast to the more marginal role such methods appear to play in peri-urban settings. For many rural job seekers, formal job search activities conducted through Jobcentres were seen as largely symbolic, lacking the practical value of social networking. These results suggest that service providers seeking to assist unemployed people in rural areas need to address the problems faced by many disadvantaged job seekers who are currently caught between their lack of social network relations and the absence of local public employment service facilities in more remote communities