Sex Differences in rt-PA Utilization at Hospitals Treating Stroke: The National Inpatient Sample.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Sex and race disparities in recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) use have been reported. We sought to explore sex and race differences in the utilization of rt-PA at primary stroke centers (PSCs) compared to non-PSCs across the US. METHODS: Data from the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2004-2010 was utilized to assess sex differences in treatment for ischemic stroke in PSCs compared to non-PSCs. RESULTS: There were 304,152 hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of ischemic stroke between 2004 and 2010 in the analysis: 75,160 (24.7%) patients were evaluated at a PSC. A little over half of the patients evaluated at PSCs were female (53.8%). A lower proportion of women than men received rt-PA at both PSCs (6.8 vs. 7.5%, p \u3c 0.001) and non-PSCs (2.3 vs. 2.8%, p \u3c 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders the odds of being treated with rt-PA remained lower for women regardless of presentation to a PSC (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.81-0.94) or non-PSC (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.82-0.94). After stratifying by sex and race, the lowest absolute treatment rates were observed in black women (4.4% at PSC, 1.9% at non-PSC). The odds of treatment, relative to white men, was however lowest for white women (PSC OR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.78-0.93; non-PSC OR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.75-0.85). In the multivariable model, sex did not modify the effect of PSC certification on rt-PA utilization (p-value for interaction = 0.58). CONCLUSION: Women are less likely to receive rt-PA than men at both PSCs and non-PSCs. Absolute treatment rates are lowest in black women, although the relative difference in men and women was greatest for white women

Indirect Bullying and Conflict Management Skills in Childhood and Adolescence

In this study, the Young Adult Social Behavior Scale (YASB) and Conflict Resolution Scale (CRS) measures were administered to students from three private middle and high schools in the mid-Atlantic US as part of a larger study regarding the effects of a group counseling curriculum in reducing forms of indirect bullying. Research questions were developed to evaluate differences according to student age and gender in relational aggression, social aggression, and interpersonal maturity, as well as relationships between relational aggression, social aggression, interpersonal maturity, and conflict resolution skills. These questions were evaluated using MANOVA, Chi-square, and multivariate regression analyses, respectively. Results of these analyses suggested that in this sample, there were no mean differences in age and gender on the self-reported use of relational aggression, social aggression, and interpersonal maturity. However, there was an associative relationship between higher age and significantly elevated relational aggression scores. There was also an associative relationship between gender (e.g., males) and significantly elevated scores on the social aggression scale. Finally, multivariate regression analysis indicated that relational and social aggression did not predict difficulties with conflict resolution skills. These results were discussed within the context of the present understanding of the literature

Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. We have fine-mapped 64 GWAS regions known at the conclusion of the iCOGS study using large-scale genotyping and imputation in 25 723 PrCa cases and 26 274 controls of European ancestry. We detected evidence for multiple independent signals at 16 regions, 12 of which contained additional newly identified significant associations. A single signal comprising a spectrum of correlated variation was observed at 39 regions; 35 of which are now described by a novel more significantly associated lead SNP, while the originally reported variant remained as the lead SNP only in 4 regions. We also confirmed two association signals in Europeans that had been previously reported only in East-Asian GWAS. Based on statistical evidence and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, we have curated and narrowed down the list of the most likely candidate causal variants for each region. Functional annotation using data from ENCODE filtered for PrCa cell lines and eQTL analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for overlap with bio-features within this set. By incorporating the novel risk variants identified here alongside the refined data for existing association signals, we estimate that these loci now explain ∼38.9% of the familial relative risk of PrCa, an 8.9% improvement over the previously reported GWAS tag SNPs. This suggests that a significant fraction of the heritability of PrCa may have been hidden during the discovery phase of GWAS, in particular due to the presence of multiple independent signals within the same regio

Ego Identity and Relational and Social Aggression Mediated by Elaborative and Deep Processing

Abstract: In this investigation, late adolescents' (N = 629) ego identity status (e.g., identity achievement, identity diffusion, identity moratorium, and identity foreclosure), cognitive processing style, and self-reported use of relational aggression and social aggression were measured in order to assess potential relationships among these constructs. Four separate models were used to test these hypotheses, and the results showed support for some but not all the four hypotheses. In this sample, it appears that individuals with high levels of cognitive sophistication who lack social maturity by which to resolve relationship problems were more likely to use social aggression than those with lower levels of cognitive processing skills or with higher levels of emotional maturity

Development and Characterization of Syngeneic Orthotopic Transplant Models of Obesity-Responsive Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in C57BL/6J Mice

Obesity is an established risk and progression factor for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), but preclinical studies to delineate the mechanisms underlying the obesity-TNBC link as well as strategies to break that link are constrained by the lack of tumor models syngeneic to obesity-prone mouse strains. C3(1)/SV40 T-antigen (C3-TAg) transgenic mice on an FVB genetic background develop tumors with molecular and pathologic features that closely resemble human TNBC, but FVB mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity (DIO). Herein, we sought to develop transplantable C3-TAg cell lines syngeneic to C57BL/6 mice, an inbred mouse strain that is sensitive to DIO. We backcrossed FVB-Tg(C3-1-TAg)cJeg/JegJ to C57BL/6 mice for ten generations, and spontaneous tumors from those mice were excised and used to generate four clonal cell lines (B6TAg1.02, B6TAg2.03, B6TAg2.10, and B6TAg2.51). We characterized the growth of the four cell lines in both lean and DIO C57BL/6J female mice and performed transcriptomic profiling. Each cell line was readily tumorigenic and had transcriptional profiles that clustered as claudin-low, yet markedly differed from each other in their rate of tumor progression and transcriptomic signatures for key metabolic, immune, and oncogenic signaling pathways. DIO accelerated tumor growth of orthotopically transplanted B6TAg1.02, B6TAg2.03, and B6TAg2.51 cells. Thus, the B6TAg cell lines described herein offer promising and diverse new models to augment the study of DIO-associated TNBC

Sex Differences in rt-PA Utilization at Hospitals Treating Stroke: The National Inpatient Sample

Background and purposeSex and race disparities in recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) use have been reported. We sought to explore sex and race differences in the utilization of rt-PA at primary stroke centers (PSCs) compared to non-PSCs across the US.MethodsData from the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2004–2010 was utilized to assess sex differences in treatment for ischemic stroke in PSCs compared to non-PSCs.ResultsThere were 304,152 hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of ischemic stroke between 2004 and 2010 in the analysis: 75,160 (24.7%) patients were evaluated at a PSC. A little over half of the patients evaluated at PSCs were female (53.8%). A lower proportion of women than men received rt-PA at both PSCs (6.8 vs. 7.5%, p < 0.001) and non-PSCs (2.3 vs. 2.8%, p < 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders the odds of being treated with rt-PA remained lower for women regardless of presentation to a PSC (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.81–0.94) or non-PSC (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.82–0.94). After stratifying by sex and race, the lowest absolute treatment rates were observed in black women (4.4% at PSC, 1.9% at non-PSC). The odds of treatment, relative to white men, was however lowest for white women (PSC OR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.78–0.93; non-PSC OR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.75–0.85). In the multivariable model, sex did not modify the effect of PSC certification on rt-PA utilization (p-value for interaction = 0.58).ConclusionWomen are less likely to receive rt-PA than men at both PSCs and non-PSCs. Absolute treatment rates are lowest in black women, although the relative difference in men and women was greatest for white women