A method for measuring the contact area in instrumented indentation testing by tip scanning probe microscopy imaging

The determination of the contact area is a key step to derive mechanical properties such as hardness or an elastic modulus by instrumented indentation testing. Two families of procedures are dedicated to extracting this area: on the one hand, post mortem measurements that require residual imprint imaging, and on the other hand, direct methods that only rely on the load vs. the penetration depth curve. With the development of built-in scanning probe microscopy imaging capabilities such as atomic force microscopy and indentation tip scanning probe microscopy, last generation indentation devices have made systematic residual imprint imaging much faster and more reliable. In this paper, a new post mortem method is introduced and further compared to three existing classical direct methods by means of a numerical and experimental benchmark covering a large range of materials. It is shown that the new method systematically leads to lower error levels regardless of the type of material. Pros and cons of the new method vs. direct methods are also discussed, demonstrating its efficiency in easily extracting mechanical properties with an enhanced confidence

De la ville bleue à la métropole grise.: Fondation, protection et destruction de Kökeqota (Huhehaote)

Publié en ligne: http://emscat.revues.org/index439.htmlInternational audienceFrom the Blue City to the Grey Metropolis. Foundation, protection and destruction of Kökeqota (Huhehaote)Kökeqota, the “Blue City”, capital of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China, had preserved an architectural heritage of great richness until the 1990s. In 1987 it merited inclusion among the “nationally famous historic and cultural cities” of China. Yet, faced with strong demographic, economic, and urban expansion, the architectural heritage, although “protected”, suffers irreversible degradation. The old city, except for a few temples, is being razed. After a presentation of the city's history, of its transformations during the Communist period, of the heritage policy, and in particular of the restoration of the religious structures, the article considers their state in 2002, evaluating the extent of the destruction and seeking to understand what is currently at stake.Kökeqota, la « Ville bleue », capitale de la région autonome de Mongolie-Intérieure en Chine, conservait encore dans les années 1990 un patrimoine architectural d'une grande richesse. C'est ainsi qu'elle mérita en 1987 son classement parmi les « villes célèbres historiques et culturelles de niveau national » de Chine. Mais face à une forte expansion démographique, économique et urbanistique, le patrimoine architectural, même « protégé », subit des dégradations irréversibles : la vieille ville, hormis quelques temples, est en train d'être rasée. Après une présentation de l'histoire de la ville, des transformations de la période communiste, de la politique patrimoniale et en particulier de la restauration du patrimoine religieux, l'article propose un état des lieux en 2002, évaluant l'ampleur des destructions et tentant de comprendre les enjeux actuels

Mobility & activity patterns of individuals and parenting couples in the metropolitan area of Grenoble (France)

The geographies of our daily lives are becoming increasingly complex through phenomena such as urban sprawl, scattering of life spaces and the involvement of individuals in multiple types of activities. Daily mobility behavior can be seen as the keystone holding together the spatial components and time dimensions of the daily lives of individuals, each of whom must mobilize resources (technical and economic) and competencies (cultural and social) to organize as best they can their activities and travels across their life spaces.In this context, the conceptual framework of Time-Geography is particularly helpful, as it provides theoretical tools to investigate the space-time dimensions of daily life (Hägerstrand 1985; Lenntorp 1976; Carlestam & Sollbe 1991). Most of its principles have been adapted to mobility studies and are nowadays frequently used in the “activity-based” approach, which seeks to incorporate information on activity programs in the study of mobility behaviors (Axhausen & Gärling 1992). Our work clearly lies within this framework.Indeed, categories traditionally used to describe trip chains are inadequate for identifying the complex modes of daily organization that lie behind the diversity of mobility patterns (Kaufmann 2004). It would thus seem necessary to develop new ways to describe jointly individuals’ trip chains, activity planning and life spaces and to investigate links between all three. This is what we aim to do in this paper, through the production of new categories of mobility behaviors, based on standardized observations (household travel survey) in the French metropolitan area of Grenoble

Représentations graphiques et indicateurs des mobilités et des dynamiques de peuplement : contribution bibliographique

La Base Endnote sera adressée à toute personne en faisant la demande auprès de Françoise Dureau : [email protected] main goal of the MOBIDYC research project (Mobilities and population movement: graphics and indicators) was to contribute to the definition of processing sequences that integrate both temporal and spatial dimensions of information related to spatial mobility (be it migration, residential mobility or daily mobility). Workshops were held on a quarterly basis to bring team members together. Between meetings, members worked separately on their own datasets. A first workshop was dedicated to the sharing of experience from previous work by members of the team. Then we focused on inventorying other experiences through bibliographic research. The aim of this article is to make the results of this research available to the scientific community. After stating the whys and hows of the collection of this bibliographic corpus, we present the material in the appendix: an Endnote set of references, along with a descriptive table synthesizing the content of these references. Finally, we present the main lessons we have learned through the analysis of this bibliographic corpus and from tests we carried out based on the methods described in the literature.L'objectif général du projet MOBIDYC (Mobilités et dynamiques de peuplement : représentations graphiques et production d'indicateurs) était d'avancer dans la définition de chaînes de traitement de l'information sur les mobilités spatiales (biographies migratoires et résidentielles, trajectoires de mobilité quotidienne) intégrant les deux dimensions, temporelles et spatiales, de l'information. La méthode de travail a consisté en un atelier réunissant les membres de l'équipe à un rythme trimestriel ; entre les séances de l'atelier, les chercheurs impliqués dans le projet ont travaillé en parallèle sur leurs corpus de données respectifs. Après une première étape consacrée à la mutualisation de nos expériences respectives, l'accent a été mis sur la recherche bibliographique et la recension des expériences dans le champ du projet. L'objectif de cet article est de mettre à disposition de la communauté scientifique le résultat de ce travail bibliographique. Après avoir rappelé les objectifs et conditions de réalisation de la base de données bibliographiques, nous présentons les informations mises à disposition en annexes de cet article : tableau de description synthétique des références bibliographiques, et la base Endnote des références . Enfin, nous livrons les principaux enseignements que nous avons tirés de l'analyse de ce corpus bibliographique, et des tests effectués à partir des méthodes identifiées dans la littérature

Qing Imperial Mandalic Architecture for Gelugpa Pontiffs between Beijing, Inner Mongolia and Amdo

This article discusses a particular architectural style of Gelugpa monasteries’ assembly halls (dugang) adopted in Inner Mongolia, Mongolia and China during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: the huilang-style dugang, “dugang [adopting] the style of galleries [taking the shape of the character] hui” 回廊式. It is a large square temple with a central skylight, that can be built with Chinese and/or Tibetan construction techniques and materials. The second floor consists in galleries or rooms arranged around a courtyard surrounding the central skylight: this concentric layout forms a three-dimensional mandala. Seen from the exterior, the complexity of the inner structure remains unsuspected. Chinese sources present it as modelled on the architecture of the Potala palace. The most prestigious examples of this style are Dalaimiao of Xihuangsi (Beijing, 1651-52, destroyed), Shanyinsi’s main dugang (Sira süme, Dolonnor, Inner Mongolia, 1727-31, destroyed), and Amur bayasqulangtu keyid’s main dugang (Mongolia, 1727-36, preserved). Two of these temples have a curious system of hollow pillars that drain off rainwater.Although this architecture was especially appreciated by the Manchu emperors, other temples possess a comparable elevation in Inner Mongolia. By discussing the genesis of this style, the possible sources of inspiration in the Kukunor region, and its diffusion in Mongolia and China, I will attempt to offer a new interpretation of the Qings’ purpose in building such monasteries.清朝為北京的活佛建造在北京，內蒙古和青海的曼陀羅建築 人們說，清朝時期的一種漢藏佛寺是以拉薩普陀羅宮的仿建築。在這些建築當中最令我感興趣的是，他們是乾隆皇帝以前造的建築 (比如呼和浩特的五塔寺)。在滿清皇帝十七世紀建的蒙古和中國三座寺廟，回廊式的經堂像一個立體式曼陀羅，類似古西藏回廊式佛寺，這種式樣最古老的例子是於1651-1652順治黃帝下旨造的北京黃寺的達賴樓。達賴樓按照普陀羅宮的形式建築作為達賴喇嘛拜訪北京時的府邸。可惜的是，我們現在對這座顯赫的建築只能從照片及文字上來了解。 在1727，雍正皇帝下旨在外蒙古興建了慶寧寺(Amarbayasgalant)為了安置第一世哲布尊丹巴呼图克图札那巴札尔的舍利。同年，皇帝下旨在內蒙古多羅諾爾興建善因寺做為章嘉呼图克图(內蒙古其主要的活佛)的府邸。 幸虧有於此建築師雷金玉 1659-1729，這個時代北京宮殿的主要建築師上的文字記載的保存，及其建築的描述，加上當時的照片，本文章能呈現多羅諾爾的寺廟(至今只保存三座)和慶寧寺按照原本的模型及他們的經堂，乃至令人驚訝的細部描寫，比如有排水功能的空心柱。很顯然的是，這兩座經堂是仿黃寺達賴樓建造。這三座佛寺，巨大且昂貴--十萬白銀兩--相較於當時，其建寺花費高於其它佛寺的費用。由此可見，三位藏蒙主要活佛受到滿清皇帝同等的尊崇。盡管其中兩座已遭受破壞，從僅存的中文資料及當代照片來看，我們仍然有足夠的訊息了解當時建寺歷史。若無這兩座佛寺的書面材料，我們就無法進一步了解當時滿清寺廟建築。 這三座清皇帝下旨建造的佛寺其實與拉薩布達大拉宫沒有極大的關係，而受到了安多(清海)地區及古代或仿古的佛寺啟發。至於五塔(寺) ，如回廊式，其完建樣貌與仿印度或西藏原貌有很大的出入；可是中國的模成為新的建築類形。乾隆皇帝下旨仿造完全模仿的這些外國建築的技術讓人看不出來這些是假的，所以他的建造目的與前幾代皇帝不同。我也研究了建築的來源、可能得到的啟發、及其在蒙古的散佈範圍。然而在蒙古此類建築風格只是部分被按受並遭到修改

Batsaihan Oohnoin, Mongolyn süülčiin ezen haan VIII Bogd Žavzandamba. Am’dral ba domog (The Last Emperor of Mongolia Bogdo Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu. The Life and Legend)

O. Batsaihan here gives a second edition of his rather provocative account of the role the Eighth Žavzandamba Hutugtu (1869/1870-1924) played in the origin, process and outcome of Mongolia’s national revolution of 1911. A first version of the book was published in 2008 under the title Mongolyn süülčiin ezen haan viii Bogd Žavzandamba. 1911 ony ündesnii huv’sgal : sudalgaany büteel (Ulaanbaatar, Admon, ISBN 978-99929-0-464-0), and translated into English by Mounkhou Ravjaa in 2009 (O. Batsaikh..

New taxonomic records and regional trends for the Marquesan prehistoric marine fishery, Eiao Island, Polynesia

Eiao Island (39.2 km2, 577 m elevation), situated at the northern extent of the Marquesas Archipelago, features rocky and steep coastlines with few sheltered embayments that allow easy access to the sea and marine resources. We report the first evidence of prehistoric fishing practices from Eiao Island based on three inland sites (possibly dating from the 14th to 17th centuries), and explore variation in fish exploitation (NISP = 1021; MNI = 157). All previous archaeological fishing records from the archipelago are from coastal sites, with inland Eiao Island assemblages offering comparative data on site location and taxonomic composition. The Eiao Island fish bone assemblages are dominated by piscivorous taxa, specifically grouper (Serranidae). Few tuna, mackerel and bonito (Scombridae) remains were recovered from the Eiao Island assemblages, compared to reports from Ua Pou, Tahuata and Ua Huka. New family-level taxonomic records added for the archipelago include: bonefish (Albulidae), requiem sharks (Carcharhinidae), butterflyfish (Chaetodontidae), flagtail (Kuhliidae), damselfish (Pomacentridae) and rabbitfish (Siganidae). These results further contribute to our understanding of prehistoric Marquesan fishing practices and allow elucidation of subsistence in coastal vs. inland settings, variability in taxonomic composition between islands of the archipelago, and importantly inform on human-environment interactions in East Polynesia

Chiodo Elisabetta, Songs of Khorchin Shamans to Jayagachi, the Protector of Livestock and Property

Elisabetta Chiodo nous livre ici une étude très érudite sur les chants de chamanes  mongols khorchin (qorcin) du nord-est de la Mongolie-Intérieure, dédiés à Jayagachi (Jayaγaci), « celui qui prédestine la bonne fortune », divinité de la destinée, mais aussi protectrice du bétail et donneuse d’enfants. Ces chants de chamanes témoignent du rôle central que jouait cette divinité syncrétique dans la vie religieuse des Khorchin (la plupart des chamanes auteurs de ces chants sont aujourd’hui décéd..

Teleki Krisztina, Introduction to the study of Urga’s heritage

Cet ouvrage est le fruit d’une étude du patrimoine matériel de l’ancienne « capitale » mongole, Ih hüree ou Da hüree, connue en Europe sous le nom d’Ourga (du mongol örgöö, « palais ou tente d’un khan ou d’une personne de haut rang », en l’occurrence le Žavzandamba hutagt). Fondée en 1639 comme campement monastique par le grand Öndör gegeen Zanabazar (1635-1723), Ier Žavzandamba hutagt, Ourga évolua pour devenir la plus grande ville monastique de Mongolie moderne et, après vingt-huit déménage..