Implementation characteristics of collegial support systems for teachers in middle schools.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not components within middle school organizations promote and nurture efforts to implement collegial coaching programs. Three schools were selected on the basis of the following criteria: (1) the schools were middle schools, (2) coaching was in at least its third year of implementation, (3) the coaching concept encompassed a transaction among equals, and (4) the program was not related to staff evaluation. Data was collected at each site through interviews, direct observation and document review. Findings were reported using a cross-case analysis format in which cross case issues and information from the individual cases were dispersed throughout the data presentation in Chapter 4 and the data analysis in Chapter 5. The effects of teaming and common planning time on school climate and the enabling nature of enhanced levels of teacher empowerment were identified as powerful variables which contributed to the successful implementation of coaching programs at each site. Factors such as common planning time, supportive leadership, teacher accountability and empowerment in the areas of curriculum, scheduling, grouping, staff development, and staffing are analyzed. Ultimately the form of coaching in accepted use became much less formalized following the implementation period. As coaching becomes an accepted part of the fabric of the school, its practice becomes much more informal and focuses on the improvement of current instructional techniques. Time and the reluctance of teachers to assume quasi-administrative roles were found to be significant factors in this area. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.

Les premières écoles autochtones au Québec : progression, opposition et luttes de pouvoir, 1792-1853

Ce mémoire s'intéresse aux luttes de pouvoir qui ont entouré le développement des premières écoles pour les Autochtones de la vallée du Saint-Laurent, durant la première moitié du XIXe siècle. Il cherche principalement à analyser les enjeux politiques, religieux et éducatifs liés à la scolarisation des Amérindiens et à mettre en lumière la situation unique du Bas-Canada. La Conquête de la Nouvelle-France avait d'abord permis à des sociétés missionnaires protestantes de s'immiscer dans les villages des domiciliés de la vallée du Saint-Laurent, pour y promouvoir l'éducation et faire de nouveaux convertis. Plusieurs Autochtones furent formés dans des écoles américaines et retournèrent ensuite dans leur communauté, afin d'y fonder à leur tour des établissements scolaires. La situation politique au Bas-Canada, dans les années 1820 et 1830, provoqua toutefois une réaction particulière des missionnaires catholiques à l'égard des nouvelles écoles autochtones. Devant la montée d'une gestion laïque de l'éducation par l'État, et confrontés à certains Autochtones qui souhaitaient utiliser l'éducation, soit pour diffuser la religion protestante soit pour acquérir une plus grande autonomie politique, les missionnaires choisirent majoritairement de s'opposer à tous les nouveaux projets éducatifs. Cependant, l'échec de la rébellion patriote, la diminution du personnel du Département des Affaires indiennes et l'accroissement du pouvoir clérical dans l'éducation de la province créèrent un environnement favorable à un changement dans la politique des missionnaires catholiques à l'égard des écoles autochtones. À partir de 1845, ces missionnaires encouragèrent donc le développement de nouvelles institutions scolaires catholiques, afin de superviser et de contrôler l'enseignement, la morale et la religion des communautés amérindiennes. \ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Autochtones, Bas-Canada, histoire de l'éducation, missionnaires, Département des Affaires indiennes

On the need for soft dressing

In order to deal with IR divergences arising in QED or perturbative quantum gravity scattering processes, one can either calculate inclusive quantities or use dressed asymptotic states. We consider incoming superpositions of momentum eigenstates and show that in calculations of cross-sections these two approaches yield different answers: in the inclusive formalism no interference occurs for incoming finite superpositions and wavepackets do not scatter at all, while the dressed formalism yields the expected interference terms. This suggests that rather than Fock space states, one should use Faddeev-Kulish-type dressed states to correctly describe physical processes involving incoming superpositions. We interpret this in terms of selection rules due to large U(1) gauge symmetries and BMS supertranslations.Comment: 16+5 pages, 1 figure, v2: typos fixed, version submitted to JHE