An Analytical Review of Higher Education Unionism Over the Last 40 Plus Years As a Union Staff Person

An analytical review of an observer and participant in the changes that have occurred on the campuses of both public and private (independent) universities and colleges with regard to the unionization of faculty, non-teaching professionals, support staff, and adjuncts

Micro method for determination of borohydride with NAD+

A spectrophotometric method for the determination of borohydride is described. It involves the reduction of NAD+ to a number of isomeric forms of NADH by borohydride. In the standard assay procedure herewith presented, there is a direct proportionality between the absorption at 340 nm and the amount of borohydride in solution over the range 10-100 nmoles, with an effective "molar extinction coefficient" of 12.2 x 103. The method is simple, rapid, and sensitive.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/33839/1/0000097.pd

3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial

Background Liraglutide 3\ub70 mg was shown to reduce bodyweight and improve glucose metabolism after the 56-week period of this trial, one of four trials in the SCALE programme. In the 3-year assessment of the SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes trial we aimed to evaluate the proportion of individuals with prediabetes who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Methods In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, adults with prediabetes and a body-mass index of at least 30 kg/m2, or at least 27 kg/m2 with comorbidities, were randomised 2:1, using a telephone or web-based system, to once-daily subcutaneous liraglutide 3\ub70 mg or matched placebo, as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity. Time to diabetes onset by 160 weeks was the primary outcome, evaluated in all randomised treated individuals with at least one post-baseline assessment. The trial was conducted at 191 clinical research sites in 27 countries and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01272219. Findings The study ran between June 1, 2011, and March 2, 2015. We randomly assigned 2254 patients to receive liraglutide (n=1505) or placebo (n=749). 1128 (50%) participants completed the study up to week 160, after withdrawal of 714 (47%) participants in the liraglutide group and 412 (55%) participants in the placebo group. By week 160, 26 (2%) of 1472 individuals in the liraglutide group versus 46 (6%) of 738 in the placebo group were diagnosed with diabetes while on treatment. The mean time from randomisation to diagnosis was 99 (SD 47) weeks for the 26 individuals in the liraglutide group versus 87 (47) weeks for the 46 individuals in the placebo group. Taking the different diagnosis frequencies between the treatment groups into account, the time to onset of diabetes over 160 weeks among all randomised individuals was 2\ub77 times longer with liraglutide than with placebo (95% CI 1\ub79 to 3\ub79, p<0\ub70001), corresponding with a hazard ratio of 0\ub721 (95% CI 0\ub713\u20130\ub734). Liraglutide induced greater weight loss than placebo at week 160 (\u20136\ub71 [SD 7\ub73] vs 121\ub79% [6\ub73]; estimated treatment difference 124\ub73%, 95% CI 124\ub79 to 123\ub77, p<0\ub70001). Serious adverse events were reported by 227 (15%) of 1501 randomised treated individuals in the liraglutide group versus 96 (13%) of 747 individuals in the placebo group. Interpretation In this trial, we provide results for 3 years of treatment, with the limitation that withdrawn individuals were not followed up after discontinuation. Liraglutide 3\ub70 mg might provide health benefits in terms of reduced risk of diabetes in individuals with obesity and prediabetes. Funding Novo Nordisk, Denmark

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЭТРЕЛА В УСЛОВИЯХ КРАСНОДАРСКОГО КРАЯ НА ЦВЕТЕНИЕ МУЖСКИХ ЦВЕТКОВ РАСТЕНИЙ КАБАЧКА С РАЗЛИЧНОЙ ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОЙ ВЫРАЖЕННОСТЬЮ ПОЛА

Depending on the genotype of monoecious plants Cucurbitaceae family may have different gender expressions: predominantly female, mixed and predominantlymale type of flowering. However, the degree of sexual differentiation can be changedunder the influence of abiotic and endogenous factors. Among the chemicals that affect the level of female flowering in pumpkin crops, preparations based on 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethephon or Etrelle) are the most promising for hybrid seed production. Study of plant response of squash Cucurbita pepo var. giromontina with varying sex expressions on the treatments with Etrelle revealed common conformities and specificities of preparation action in the condition of Krasnodar region. It is shown the use of treatment once is not effective even if the high concentration range, 500-1100 mg/L, was taken. On gender switch was effectively influenced successive plant treatments with Etrelle at stages of 3-5 true leaves in a wide concentration range from 250 to 700 mg /L., where the restraining was that the start of male flower blossoming was 14-25 days after female flower blossoming. K69 line with predominantly female flowering was more responsive to the variation of concentration and frequency of treatments whereas the line K49 with male flowering was less responsive to the frequency of treatments. It is shown that in the range of effective concentrations, Etrelle may have phytotoxic effects on the growth and development of squash plants at the time of restraining flowering of male flowers. It is important to  ake that into account when choosing a regime of preparation treatments for chemical castration of maternal forms in hybrid seed production of this crop.В зависимости от генотипа однодомные растения семейства тыквенных могут иметь различную выраженность пола: преимущественно женский, смешанный и  преимущественно мужской тип цветения. Однако степень половой дифференциации изменяется под действием абиотических и эндогенных факторов. Среди химических веществ, влияющих на уровень женского цветения растений тыквенных культур, наибольший интерес с точки зрения гибридного семеноводства представляют препараты на основе 2-хлорэтилфосфоновой кислоты (Этрел или Этефон). Изучение реакции растений кабачка Cucurbita pepo var. giromontina с различной выраженностью пола на обработку Этрелом позволило выявить общие закономерности и специфику действия препарата в условиях Краснодарского края. Установлено, что использование однократной обработки на всех изучаемых генотипах является малоэффективным, даже в диапазоне высоких концентраций 500-1100 мг/л д.в. На смещение сексуализации эффективно влияют последовательные обработки растений кабачка Этрелом на стадиях развития 3-5 настоящих листа в диапазоне концентраций от 250 до 700 мг/л д.в., где сдерживание начала цветения мужских цветков после распускания женских составляло 14-25 суток. На изменение концентрации и кратности обработок более отзывчивы растения линии К69 с преимущественно женским типом. В меньшей степени на кратность обработок реагируют растения линии К49, с преимущественно мужским типом цветения. Показано, что в диапазоне эффективных концентраций, сдерживая цветение мужских цветков, Этрел может оказывать фитотоксическое действие нарост и развитие растений кабачка, что важно учитывать при выборе регламента применения препарата для химической кастрации материнских форм при гибридном семеноводстве этой культуры. Для практического применения препарата Этрел в условиях Краснодарского края оптимальным следует считать трехкратную обработку (фазы 3+4+5 н.л.) в диапазоне концентраций 250-350 мг/л д.в. в зависимости от генотипа материнской формы

A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management

BACKGROUND Obesity is a chronic disease with serious health consequences, but weight loss is difficult to maintain through lifestyle intervention alone. Liraglutide, a glucagonlike peptide-1 analogue, has been shown to have potential benefit for weight management at a once-daily dose of 3.0 mg, injected subcutaneously. METHODS We conducted a 56-week, double-blind trial involving 3731 patients who did not have type 2 diabetes and who had a body-mass index (BMI; the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of at least 30 or a BMI of at least 27 if they had treated or untreated dyslipidemia or hypertension. We randomly assigned patients in a 2:1 ratio to receive once-daily subcutaneous injections of liraglutide at a dose of 3.0 mg (2487 patients) or placebo (1244 patients); both groups received counseling on lifestyle modification. The coprimary end points were the change in body weight and the proportions of patients losing at least 5% and more than 10% of their initial body weight. RESULTS At baseline, the mean (±SD) age of the patients was 45.1±12.0 years, the mean weight was 106.2±21.4 kg, and the mean BMI was 38.3±6.4; a total of 78.5% of the patients were women and 61.2% had prediabetes. At week 56, patients in the liraglutide group had lost a mean of 8.4±7.3 kg of body weight, and those in the placebo group had lost a mean of 2.8±6.5 kg (a difference of -5.6 kg; 95% confidence interval, -6.0 to -5.1; P&lt;0.001, with last-observation-carried-forward imputation). A total of 63.2% of the patients in the liraglutide group as compared with 27.1% in the placebo group lost at least 5% of their body weight (P&lt;0.001), and 33.1% and 10.6%, respectively, lost more than 10% of their body weight (P&lt;0.001). The most frequently reported adverse events with liraglutide were mild or moderate nausea and diarrhea. Serious events occurred in 6.2% of the patients in the liraglutide group and in 5.0% of the patients in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS In this study, 3.0 mg of liraglutide, as an adjunct to diet and exercise, was associated with reduced body weight and improved metabolic control. (Funded by Novo Nordisk; SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes NN8022-1839 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01272219.)