Non-state actors and cultural heritage: Friends or foes?

Los actores no estatales más activos y reivindicativos en el ámbito del patrimonio cultural son las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG), las empresas privadas, y los grupos armados no estatales. No cabe duda de que estos actores tienen un papel ambivalente. Por una parte, las organizaciones no gubernamentales, las empresas privadas y, sin duda, los grupos armados no estatales, contribuyen a la protección de los bienes culturales y al desarrollo del derecho y la política. Por otra, estas entidades también pueden tener un impacto perjudicial sobre la integridad de los tesoros culturales. La UNESCO –en cooperación con otros organismos– está desarrollando una estrategia de arriba hacia abajo para involucrar a estos actores no estatales en el respeto de las obligaciones fundamentales establecidas en los tratados de patrimonio cultural. La aspiración de la comunidad internacional de proteger los tesoros culturales para el bien de las generaciones presentes y futuras se verá comprometida si la UNESCO y las demás autoridades que supervisan la aplicación del régimen jurídico vigente no logran idear mecanismos eficaces para reducir incumplimientos y violacionesThe most active and vocal non-State actors in the cultural heritage domain are non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private companies, and non-State armed groups. It is beyond doubt that these actors have an ambivalent role. On the one hand, NGOs, private companies and, arguably, non-State armed groups, contribute to the protection of cultural assets and the development of law and policy. On the other hand, these entities may have a deleterious impact on the integrity of cultural treasures. UNESCO –in cooperation with other bodies– is currently developing a top-down strategy to engage these non-State actors to respect the key obligations set forth in cultural heritage treaties. The international community’s aspiration to protect cultural treasures for the sake of present and future generations will be compromised if UNESCO and the other authorities overseeing the implementation of the existing legal regime fail to devise effective arrangements to reduce non-compliance and violation

Adaptação às mudanças climáticas e integração de políticas públicas no semiárido pernambucano

As projeções climáticas preveem importantes alterações nos padrões de temperatura e precipitação para os biomas brasileiros. Dada a natureza intersetorial do desafio climático, abordagens mais integradas são consideradas fundamentais para reduzir a vulnerabilidade a estes eventos. Diferentes sistemas apresentam distintas sensibilidades a distúrbios e um potencial desigual de resistir e de se adaptar a estas mudanças. Neste contexto, são necessárias análises regionalizadas da formulação e da implementação das políticas de clima, incluindo as diferentes combinações de instrumentos que se materializam em cada território, as interações entre atores em diversos níveis e a mobilização de discursos e visões distintas da adaptação. A região do semiárido pernambucano representa um importante estudo de caso no contexto das mudanças climáticas. Ainda que a ocorrência de secas represente um evento crônico nesta região, espera-se um aumento da variabilidade climática que poderá gerar uma série de impactos socioeconômicos. A estreita relação entre os debates internacionais e as políticas nacionais de clima confirma a relevância de estudos que busquem compreender como a agenda climática e os conceitos a ela relacionados são traduzidos no Brasil, com reflexo na formulação e na implementação de políticas públicas e no discurso de atores políticos. Neste contexto, o documento contextualiza a formulação das políticas de clima e a tradução das narrativas internacionais e nacionais de adaptação às mudanças climáticas, identificando os conceitos subjacentes. Além disso, o documento analisa as combinações de instrumentos de políticas públicas que possam contribuir para a adaptação das populações rurais e do setor agrícola aos eventos climáticos. A partir de levantamento um levantamento de iniciativas federais e estaduais executadas no estado de Pernambuco, o estudo confronta e valida, por meio de entrevistas, os programas considerados mais relevantes para a adaptação, bem como os programas com os quais estes interagem. Por fim, são identificados alguns dos fatores facilitadores e inibidores de uma implementação mais integrada dos instrumentos destinados a fortalecer as capacidades dos agricultores a se adaptarem

Adaptation au changement climatique et intégration des politiques publiques dans la région semi-aride de Pernambuco, Brésil

Les projections climatiques prévoient des changements importants dans les régimes de température et de précipitation dans les différentes écorégions brésiliennes. Compte tenu de la nature intersectorielle du défi climatique, des approches plus intégrées sont considérées comme essentielles pour réduire la vulnérabilité vis-à-vis de ces événements. Des systèmes différents présentent des sensibilités distinctes aux perturbations et un potentiel asymétrique de résistance et d'adaptation à ces changements. Dans ce contexte, des analyses régionalisées de la formulation et de la mise en oeuvre des politiques climatiques sont nécessaires, notamment en ce qui concerne les différentes combinaisons d'instruments qui se matérialisent sur chaque territoire, les interactions entre les acteurs à différents niveaux et la mobilisation de différents discours et visions de l'adaptation. La région semi-aride de Pernambuco représente une étude de cas importante dans le contexte du changement climatique. Bien que l'ocurrence de sécheresses représente un événement chronique dans cette région, l'augmentation de la variabilité climatique constatée prélude d'une série d'impacts socio-économiques. La relation étroite entre les débats internationaux et les politiques nationales de climat confirme la pertinence des études cherchant à comprendre comment l'agenda climatique et les concepts connexes sont traduits au Brésil. Ceci se reflète dans la formulation et la mise en oeuvre de politiques publiques et le discours des acteurs politiques. Dans ce contexte, le document contextualise la formulation des politiques climatiques et la traduction des récits internationaux et nationaux d'adaptation au changement climatique, en identifiant les concepts sous-jacents dasn les politiques fédérales et d'états fédérés. Par ailleurs, le document analyse des combinaisons d'instruments de politique publique pouvant contribuer à l'adaptation des populations rurales et du secteur agricole aux phénomènes climatiques. Sur la base d'une analyse des initiatives mises en oeuvre dans l'Etat de Pernambuco, l'étude confronte et valide, au moyen d'entretiens, les insruments considérés les plus pertinents pour l'adaptation, ainsi que les programmes avec lesquels ils interagissent. Enfin, certains des facteurs facilitant et inhibant la mise en oeuvre plus intégrée d'instruments visant à renforcer les capacités d'adaptation des agriculteurs sont également identifiés

As práticas produtivas e alimentares no espaço rural do Oeste de Santa Catarina: A ação pública na busca e na crítica à modernidade

A região do Oeste de Santa Catarina se integrou à “modernização da agropecuária” a partir da década de 1950, por meio da agroindustrialização de alimentos, tendo como protagonistas o Estado, a sociedade civil e o mercado, que atuaram nos níveis nacional, estadual e municipal. Baseado na sociologia da ação pública, o objetivo deste artigo consiste em verificar como as políticas públicas promoveram amodernidade e como ações e políticas públicas mais recentes reforçam ou delineiam novos padrões e trajetórias de desenvolvimento rural e influenciam práticas produtivas e alimentares. A coleta de dados associou revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa de campo. Em 2018, foram realizados dois grupos focais, 13 entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores públicos e mediadores de sete organizações atuantes na região, e foram aplicados 49 questionários em domicílios rurais localizados em Chapecó e nove municípios vizinhos. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que a modernidade levou uma parcela significativa de agricultores familiares a produzirem menos alimentos para o autoconsumo e a consumirem mais alimentos industrializados e ultraprocessados, além de ter provocado concentração da produção, êxodo rural e poluição ambiental. Diante desses riscos e incertezas, “novas” práticas produtivas e alimentares emergiram e novos atores passaram a construir alternativas à modernidade. As “novas” estratégias produtivas consistiram na agroindustrialização de alimentos, na produção agroecológica, no resgate da biodiversidade, na criação de feiras e na manutenção da produção para o autoconsumo, apoiadas por diversas ações e políticas públicas. O mesmo Estado que produz riscos, ameaças e incertezas produtivas e alimentares, tambémcontribui para a segurança alimentar e nutricional na região

Development and Validation of Semantic Differential Scale to Assess Teachers Belief Towards Socially Disadvantaged Students

This paper intended to record the process of developing and validating a Semantic Differential Scale to assess the teacher’s belief on socially disadvantaged students in the Indian context. Social Identity Theory (SIT) and Stereotype Content Model (SCM) has been adopted. Following the new method of developing SDS proposed by Ding et al. (2008), the process resulted in a 15-item scale with a three-factorial structure. The reliability and validity of the scale according to the new method were tested with SPSS 26 and Amos 26, with Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients greater than 0.962. With good indices on reliability and validity, the instrument is likely to be useful to both academicians and practitioners interested in assessing the addressed context

Validation of Teacher Self-Efficacy for Moral Education Scale in the Indian Context

The researcher validated Teacher Self Efficacy for Moral Education (TSEME) scale developed initially by Narvaez et al. (2008), in Australia, in the Indian context. Four hundred teachers teaching moral education to middle school students from 17 elite schools in Punjab and Haryana, states of India, were the sample subjects of the study. The two dimensions of Teacher efficacy for Character education, namely personal and general efficacy, with their Cronbach’s alpha being 0.87 in the Indian context, were extracted. The model was tested for the goodness of fit using the IBM SPSS AMOS Version 23. The estimates like TLI, CFI, CMIN/DF, and RMSEA were seen to satisfy the benchmark values. The result indicated that the tool could be administered in the intended population in the Indian context

Teacher effectiveness in relation to type of ınstitution, emotional ıntelligence and teaching experience

Present study aims at studying the influence of the emotional intelligence, age and qualification on the teacher effectiveness of the teachers. The study population included secondary schools teachers working in Jalandhar and Ludhiana districts of Punjab, India. Using a multi-stage random sampling method, a sample volume of 739 teachers was determined. Two main instruments were used to measure the study variables: a 80-item questionnaire by C R Darolia on emotional intelligence (five scales: Self-awareness, Motivating Oneself, Managing Emotions, Empathy and Handling Relations, and a 60- item Teacher Effectiveness Scale by Kumar and Mutha, 1985. The frequency, mean and standard deviation values were calculated and a 3 way ANOVA analysis was performed to evaluate the statistical significance of the findings. The study results revealed that: (a) Differences in teacher effectiveness of groups of teachers’ based on school type i.e. government and private secondary schools, are not significant. (b) Teachers with low emotional intelligence are less effective in teaching than teachers with high emotional intelligence. c) More experienced teachers are found to be more effective than less experienced teachers. Thus, it can be concluded that emotional intelligence and teaching experience matters in making of a teacher to be effective

The metallurgical industry in the Sierra of Famatina (La Rioja, Argentina) during the 19th century: first characterization of the built space of the processing plants

La industria minera de la provincia de La Rioja (Argentina) ha sido objeto de interés desde tiempos coloniales, con el foco puesto en las minas y sus riquezas, pero poco se ha hablado de los espacios productivos donde se llevaba a cabo la transformación del mineral para su comercialización. Estos establecimientos industriales contaban con una infraestructura que no sólo contemplaba la parte productiva, sino también un área doméstica para albergar a dueños, encargados, trabajadores y animales. Este artículo presenta los resultados obtenidos a partir de una revisión de fuentes escritas y gráficas destinada a identificar referencias de las edificaciones que conformaban los establecimientos metalúrgicos en la región de la sierra de Famatina. La información recuperada fue utilizada para generar una primera aproximación a la complejidad espacial de los establecimientos industriales que funcionaron durante el siglo XIX.The mining industry in the province of La Rioja (Argentina) has been subject of interest since colonial times, with the focus on the mines and their riches, but little has been said about the productive spaces where the transformation of the mineral for commercialization took place. These industrial establishments had an infrastructure that not only contemplated the productive part but also a domestic area to house owners, managers, workers and animals. This article presents the results obtained from a review of written and graphic sources aimed at identifying references of the buildings that made up the metallurgical establishments in the region of the Famatina mountain range. The information recovered was used to generate a first approximation to the spatial complexity of the industrial establishments that operated during the 19th century

Investigating interactions between epicardial adipose tissue and cardiac myocytes: what can we learn from different approaches?

Heart disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Some cardiovascular conditions can be modulated by lifestyle factors such as increased exercise or a healthier diet, but many require surgical or pharmacological interventions for their management. More targeted and less invasive therapies would be beneficial. Recently it has become apparent that epicardial adipose tissue plays an important role in normal and pathological cardiac function, and it is now the focus of considerable research. Epicardial adipose tissue can be studied by imaging of various kinds, and these approaches have yielded much useful information. However at a molecular level it is more difficult to study as it is relatively scarce in animal models and, for practical and ethical reasons, not always available in sufficient quantities from patients. What is needed is a robust model system in which the interactions between epicardial adipocytes and cardiac myocytes can be studied, and physiologically relevant manipulations performed. There are drawbacks to conventional culture methods, not least the difficulty of culturing both cardiac myocytes and adipocytes, each of which has special requirements. We discuss the benefits of a three-dimensional co-culture model in which in vivo interactions can be replicated

Algunas consideraciones sobre las técnicas de excavación arqueológica en obras en construcción

En el año 2018, la intervención realizada en Moreno 550 de la ciudad de Buenos Aires puso en evidencia la necesidad de aplicar metodologías y herramientas específicas en peritajes y rescates arqueológicos que se desarrollan en sitios de obras en construcción. Las dificultades halladas en dicha oportunidad para utilizar metodologías tradicionales de excavación requirieron de un cambio de mentalidad por parte del equipo arqueológico y del diseño de un plan de trabajo ad hoc que hizo posible la adecuada recuperación y registro tanto de los restos muebles como inmuebles hallados en el sitio. La novedad principal de la tarea entonces realizada implicó el uso de maquinaria pesada para facilitar los trabajos en profundidad en determinadas estructuras, así como el abandono del uso del sistema de cuadrículas en favor de la división del terreno en grandes áreas (una variación del criterio de open area). Los resultados obtenidos permitieron comprobar que, utilizada con criterio, la ayuda mecánica hace posible abarcar una mayor superficie, cumplir con los plazos asignados para la intervención y trabajar con precisión, favoreciendo el desarrollo de un trabajo arqueológico sistemático y respetuoso de los estándares de la disciplina.In 2018, the intervention carried out in Moreno 550 of the city of Buenos Aires highlighted the need to apply specific methodologies and tools in archaeological surveys and rescues that take place in construction sites. The difficulties encountered in this opportunity to use traditional excavation methodologies required a change of mentality from the archaeological team and the design of an ad hoc work plan that made possible the adequate recovery and registration of both movable and immovable remains found in the place. The main novelty of the task then carried out involved the use of heavy machinery to facilitate in-depth work in certain structures, as well as the abandonment of the use of the grid system in favor of the division of the land into large areas (a variation of the open area criteria). The results obtained allowed us to verify that, used with criteria, mechanical assistance makes it possible to cover a larger area, meet the deadlines assigned for the intervention and work with precision, favoring the development of systematic archaeological work and respecting the discipline's standards.Instituto de Historia, Teoría y Praxis de la Arquitectura y la Ciuda