Co-infection of a hypovirulent isolate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with a new botybirnavirus and a strain of a mitovirus

BACKGROUND: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a notorious plant fungal pathogen, causes yield loss of many crops and vegetables, and is a natural host of a diverse viruses with positive-sense RNA (+ssRNA), negative-sense RNA (−ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), or DNA genomes. Mixed-infection with multiple related or unrelated mycoviruses is a common phenomenon in S. sclerotiorum. However, a single strain co-infected with dsRNA and + ssRNA viruses has not been reported in S. sclerotiorum. RESULTS: We report two unrelated viruses, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum botybirnavirus 2 (SsBRV2) with a bipartite dsRNA genome and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mitovirus 4 (SsMV4/AH16) with a + ssRNA genome, which were originally detected in a single hypovirulent strain AH16 of S. sclerotiorum. SsMV4/AH16 has a typical genome of mitovirus and is a strain of mitovirus SsMV4. The genome of SsBRV2 consists of two separated dsRNA segments. The large dsRNA segment is 6159 bp in length and only has a single open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative 1868-aa polyprotein with a conserved RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain. The small dsRNA segment is 5872 bp in length and encodes a putative 1778-aa protein. Phylogenetic analysis using RdRp conserved domain sequences revealed that SsBRV2 is phylogenetically related to the previously reported three bipartite viruses SsBRV1, Botrytis porri RNA virus 1 (BpRV1), and soybean leaf-associated botybirnavirus 1 (SlaBRV1). Electron microscopy demonstrated that SsBRV2 forms rigid spherical virions with a diameter of approximately 40 nm in infected mycelia. The virion of SsBRV2 was successfully introduced into a virus-free strain, which provides conclusive evidence that SsBRV2 confers hypovirulence on phytopathogenic fungus S. sclerotiorum. CONCLUSIONS: A bisegmented dsRNA virus (SsBRV2/AH16) and a nonsegmented + ssRNA virus (SsMV4/AH16) were characterized in a hypovirulent strain AH16 of S. sclerotiorum. SsMV4/AH16 is a strain of a reported mitovirus, whereas SsBRV2 is a new botybirnavirus. SsBRV2 is the causal agent of hypovirulence on S. sclerotiorum. Our findings supplied a first evidence that a single S. sclerotiorum strain is co-infected by dsRNA and + ssRNA mycoviruses. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0550-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Histone H3 Lysine 9 Methyltransferase DIM5 Is Required for the Development and Virulence of Botrytis cinerea

Histone methylation is widely present in animals, plants and fungi, and the methylation modification of histone H3 has important biological functions. Methylation of Lys9 of histone H3 (H3K9) has been proven to regulate chromatin structure, gene silencing, transcriptional activation, plant metabolism and other processes. In this work, we investigated the functions of a H3K9 methyltransferase gene BcDIM5 in Botrytis cinerea, which contains a PreSET domain, a SET domain and a PostSET domain. Characterization of BcDIM5 knockout transformants showed that the hyphal growth rate and production of conidiophores and sclerotia were significantly reduced, while complementary transformation of BcDIM5 could restore the phenotypes to the levels of wild type. Pathogenicity assays revealed that BcDIM5 was essential for full virulence of B. cinerea. BcDIM5 knockout transformants exhibited decreased virulence, down-regulated expression of some pathogenic genes and drastically decreased H3K9 trimethylation level. However, knockout transformants of other two genes heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) BcHP1 and DNA methyltransferase (DIM2) BcDIM2 did not exhibit significant change in the growth phenotype and virulence compared with the wild type. Our results indicate that H3K9 methyltransferase BcDIM5 is required for H3K9 trimethylation to regulate the development and virulence of B. cinerea

1. スポロトリコーシス5例(第443回千葉医学会例会 第16回千葉皮膚科臨床談話会)

A potential stable stem-loop structure in the 5’-terminal sequence (left) and a triple stem-loop structure in 3’-terminal sequences (right) were predicted with a RNA structure software. (PDF 60 kb

Development of a New Dual-Cylinder Rotary Compressor for VI System

On the vapor compression refrigeration system, Vapor injection (VI, the phase separator type injection or the internal heat exchanger type injection) compression cycle’s superiority over non-injection cycle has been well known. VI system produces the high heating/cooling capacity, and its power consumption is less than the non-injection system. But if a VI compression cycle uses a single rotary compressor, there is the problem that refrigerant injection increases the indicated power by mixture loss. If we use a two-stage rotary compressor, indicated power also increases because of its two times exhaust process. To solve these problems, we developed a new dual-cylinder rotary compressor for VI systems, one of the cylinders is used to compress the gas from the evaporator, and the other is used to compress the gas from the phase separator (flash-tank). Its design method is discussed and its performance under different conditions is analyzed

Cascade solar thermal power system modeling and research of the key features.

El objetivo de esta tesis es investigar sistemas de generación eléctrica termosolar para proponer, desa-rrollar y optimizar un sistema de energía solar térmica en cascada para conseguir un mejor rendimiento de las tecnologías de generación eléctrica termosolar y explorar una nueva tecnología viable generación a gran escala. Los contenidos y conclusiones principales de la tesis son los siguientes.Se han propuesto múltiples y novedosas estructuras topológicas para diseños de cascada termosolar, combinando ciclo Stirling como ciclo de cabecera y ciclo rankine como ciclo de cola, incluso con chimenea solar. Como colectores se integran el colector cilindro parabólico, el disco parabólico y la torre central con campo de heliostatos. La topología seleccionada para el estudio consiste en un campo solar de alta tempera-tura de colectores de disco parabólico para calentar aire a alta temperatura que se utiliza como foco caliente de un motor sterling. El foco frío de dicho motor es, a su vez, y utilización en cascada de la energía termosolar un ciclo rankine que se alimenta de vapor generado con un campo solar de colectores cilindro parabólicos (media temperatura).Se establecen modelos mecanicistas para los componentes del sistema de generación solar, usando he-rramientas informáticas de cálculo matemático y desarrollo de sistemas. El proceso de modelado usa una aproximación orientada al objeto, para asegurar la independencia y relevancia de cada componente. El mo-delo del sistema tiene la ventaja de una organización pertinente, una estructura clara y fácil capacidad de mejora. Para el modelado del motor Stirling, se consideran varias irreversibilidades y pérdidas, lo que permite ve-rificar una predicción más precisa que la del modelo clásico. Se ha estudiado el efecto de diferentes disposi-ciones de motores Stirling sobre el rendimiento del sistema en cascada. De acuerdo a las características de funcionamiento del motor, se proponen 5 disposiciones básicas de una matriz de motores Stirling y se imple-mentan los correspondientes modelos de simulación. Se analizan las diferencias de funcionamiento entre los distintos conjuntos para diferentes temperaturas y capacidades térmicas de fluido de entrada y diferentes parámetros del motor Stirling. Se concluye que la conexión en serie es la mejor disposición en términos de robustez y rendimiento de la matriz de motores Stirling. Se propone un sistema de calentamiento multietapa que puede reducir efectivamente la pérdida de exer-gía del proceso de generación de vapor de agua. Durante el proceso completo de intercambio de calor en un generador de vapor de agua convencional, no hay cambio de fase en el fluido calefactor y sí en el fluido cale-factado. En los intercambiadores de calor, existen amplias diferencias de temperaturas entre ambos, lo que amplía la pérdida de exergía durante el proceso. En esta tesis, se propone un método de calentamiento por etapas, en el que los caudales másicos del fluido calefactor en diferentes intercambiadores se controlan para reducir la diferencia de temperatura y las pérdidas de exergía. Este método puede incrementar efectivamente el rendimiento térmico de campos solares.Se propone un método para evaluar el funcionamiento de sistemas de generación eléctrica termosolar en cascada. Se escogen para comparación los sistemas independientes que componen la cascada y se esta-blecen los modelos de evaluación de su funcionamiento. Los resultados de la simulación y su análisis revelan que el sistema en cascada tiene un rendimiento de conversión solar-eléctrico mayor para altas irradiaciones solares si se compara con los correspondientes sistemas independientes.Se ha construido una plataforma de ensayo de generación eléctrica termosolar y se han efectuado ensa-yos experimentales con los colectores. Los experimentos determinan la influencia de la irradiación solar nor-mal directa, caudal y temperatura de entrada del fluido de transferencia de calor. Los resultados experimen-tales validan lo establecido mediante los modelos de los colectores y de los discos<br /

NAVIGATING LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY AND LEADERSHIP DYNAMICS: THE EFFECTS OF COMPREHENSIVE BUSINESS ENGLISH COURSES ON LEADERSHIP STRATEGIES

Language proficiency's profound impact on leadership dynamics is a burgeoning area of study in contemporary organizational discourse. This conceptual thesis explores the intricate relationship between comprehensive Business English courses and leadership strategies. It delves into how language proficiency, cultivated through comprehensive Business English courses, shapes communication styles, facilitates cross-cultural leadership, and overcomes barriers. The literature review underscores language's role as a communication tool, investigates language barriers' influence on leadership, and elucidates the integration of language training within leadership development, particularly through comprehensive Business English courses. The thesis navigates through the challenges of language-related barriers in leadership and proposes future research avenues. Concluding with an emphasis on fostering a language-integrated approach to leadership, this thesis highlights the critical role of language, as honed by comprehensive Business English courses, in nurturing globally astute and effective leaders

OVERCOMING RESISTANCE TO INNOVATION: STRATEGIES AND CHANGE MANAGEMENT

Innovation is vital to organizational success, yet it often encounters resistance that hinders progress. This paper explores the reasons behind this resistance and proposes strategies rooted in change management to overcome it. By understanding why resistance arises and adopting proactive measures, organizations can create a more innovation-friendly environment. Innovation drives competitiveness, growth, and adaptability, but overcoming obstacles to its acceptance is crucial. This paper investigates the core causes of resistance, linking them with principles of both innovation and change management for effective resolution. The literature review delves into the psychological and behavioral factors causing resistance, such as fear of the unknown, loss of control, and cognitive biases. We will examine research on change management strategies and their relevance to fostering innovation. Moreover, we will highlight the parallels between managing change and managing innovation. Through surveys, interviews, and observations, this study aims to uncover the roots of organizational resistance. A conceptual framework will be presented, merging change management with methods that support innovation adoption. Recommended strategies include clear communication, employee engagement, pilot programs, and incentives to address psychological resistance factors. Additionally, we will discuss leadership’s role, effective communication, continuous learning, and support systems like innovation committees. Integrating change and innovation management allows companies to overcome resistance and nurture a culture open to innovation

RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON EMPLOYEE HAPPINESS IN PRIVATE UNIVERSITY IN CHINA

This study intends to examine the effects and mechanisms of human resource management on employee happiness in private universities, illuminating the function and strategies of human resource management in influencing employee happiness under various educational environments(Anwar et al., 2017). In order to understand how private university employees perceive human resource management, this study gathered information on employee happiness mostly using the literature research approach(Anwar et al., 2017; JAVED et al., 2019). The results of the study indicate a significant relationship between human resource management in private universities and the employee happiness, influenced by various factors(Anwar et al., 2017; JAVED et al., 2019; Khairunneezam Mohd Noor et al., 2022; Ullah, 2021).Effective recruitment, training, and promotion mechanisms contribute to enhancing employees' sense of career development, while transparent compensation systems and welfare policies directly impact their material well-being, thereby affecting their overall job satisfaction and happiness. The study also suggests methods for improving human resource management in private universities to enhance employee happiness. This study offers theoretical foundations and useful advice for boosting human resource management practices, raising employee happiness and improving job satisfaction in private universities. Future studies might further examine variations in human resource management between the various types of universities and the effects of external environmental factors on employee happiness