Synthesis of ethyl oleate employing synthetic hydrogel-immobilized lipase of Bacillus coagulans MTCC-6375

Ten polymeric hydrogels were chemically synthesized by varying the concentrations of copolymer (DMA) and cross-linker (MBAm) molecules. An alkaline lipase of Bacillus coagulans MTCC-6375 was immobilized onto a poly (MAc-co-DMA-cl-MBAm)-hydrogel support at pH 8.5 and temperature 55&ordm;C in 16 h. The bound lipase possessed 7.6 U.g⁻&sup1; (matrix) lipase activity with a specific activity of 18 U.mg⁻&sup1; protein. Hydrogel bound-lipase catalyzed esterification of oleic acid and ethanol to synthesize ethyl oleate in n-nonane. Various kinetic parameters were optimized to produce ethyl oleate using immobilized lipase. The optimal parameters were bound enzyme/substrate (E/S) ratio 0.62 mg/mM, ethanol/oleic acid 100 mM:75 mM or 100 mM:100 mM, incubation time 18 h and reaction temperature 55&ordm;C that resulted in approximately 53% conversion of reactants into ethyl oleate in n-nonane. However, addition of a molecular sieve to the reaction mixture promoted the conversion to 58% in 18 h in n-nonane, which was equivalent to 55 mM of ethyl oleate produced.<br /

Early Detection of Temporal Constraint Violations

Software systems rely on events for logging, system coordination, handling unexpected situations, and more. Monitoring events at runtime can ensure that a business service system complies with policies, regulations, and business rules. Notably, detecting violations of rules as early as possible is much desired as it allows the system to reclaim resources from erring service enactments. We formalize a model for events and a logic-based rule language to specify temporal and data constraints. The primary goal of this paper is to develop techniques for detecting each rule violation as soon as it becomes inevitable. We further develop optimization techniques to reduce monitoring overhead. Finally, we implement a monitoring algorithm and experimentally evaluate it to demonstrate our approach to early violation detection is beneficial and effective for processing service enactments

Facile synthesis of 5-(substituted vinyl)-uracil derivatives through knoevenagel and stobbe type condensations of 5-formyluracils

5-Formyl-1,3-dimethyl/1,3,6-trimethyl uracils (1) react with malononitrile, ethyl cyanoacetate, phenyl acetonitrile/acetyl acetone in Knoevenagel and with diethyl/dimethyl malonates in Stobbe modes to provide respective 5-(ethoxy/methoxy carbonyl)vinyluracils

Colonialism, decolonisation, and the right to be human : Britain and the 1951 Geneva Convention on the status of refugees

The Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees is central to scholar-ship on refugee and asylum issues. It is the primary basis upon which asylumseekers make their claims to the majority of host states today and, as a key text ofthe human rights framework, has come to be associated with the very idea of auniversalised rights-bearing human being. Yet British asylum policy today is char-acterized by efforts to limit access to the right to asylum. Many scholars believe thisis because asylum seekers today are different, in character and number, to previouscohorts of applicants. This article goes back to the founding of the refugee rightsregime and investigates the exclusions of colonized peoples from access to the rightto asylum. Using Chimni’s concept of the “myth of difference”, the article demon-strates that asylum seekers have long existed outside of Europe, and that theirexclusion from international rights has been both longstanding and intentional. Thishistorical sociology suggests that the basis for critical work on the issue of asylumpolicy today must be one which takes colonial histories into account

Abordagens Terceiro-Mundistas para o Direito Internacional: um manifesto

O processo de globalização tem tido efeitos deletérios no bem-estar das populações de terceiro mundo. O direito internacional desenvolve um papel crucial ao ajudar na legitimização e manutenção de processos e estruturas desiguais que se manifestam através da crescente divisão Norte-Sul. Infelizmente, as TWAIL (abordagens terceiro-mundistas ao direito internacional) não têm sido capaz de criticar efetivamente o direito internacional neoliberal e tampouco de projetar uma visão alternativa do direito internacional. Este artigo busca dar um pequeno passo nessa direção, apresentando uma crítica à globalização do direito internacional e propondo um conjunto de estratégias voltadas para a criação de uma ordem mundial baseada na justiça social. O objetivo é de iniciar um debate sobre o assunto e não de fazer uma afirmação definitiva. O trabalho está dividido em cinco seções. A Seção II considera se ainda faz sentido falar sobre um “terceiro mundo”. A Seção III discute as diferentes maneiras pelas quais a relação entre o Estado e o direito internacional está sendo reconstituída na era da globalização, em clara desvantagem aos Estados e povos do Terceiro Mundo. A Seção IV examina a ideologia da globalização do direito internacional. A Seção V analisa a teoria e o processo de resistência às leis internacionais injustas e opressivas. A Seção VI identifica certos elementos de uma agenda futura das TWAIL. Seção VII contém breves observações finais

Three Proposals for Rewarding Novel Health Technologies Benefiting People Living in Poverty. A Comparative Analysis of Prize Funds, Health Impact Funds and a Cost-Effectiveness/Competitive Tender Treaty

This paper sets out to analyse three different academic proposals for addressing the needs of the poor in relation to new, rather than ‘essential’ medicines. It focuses particularly on (1) research and development (R&D) prize funds, (2) a health impact fund (HIF) system and (3) a multilateral treaty on health technology cost-effectiveness evaluation and competitive tender. It compares the extent to which each responds to the ‘market fundamentalist’ philosophy (that we maintain forms a loose theoretical background for the patent-driven approach to pharmaceutical R&D) and begins to analyse their respective strengths and weaknesses