Countercurrent chromatography in analytical chemistry (IUPAC technical report)

© 2009 IUPACCountercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a generic term covering all forms of liquid-liquid chromatography that use a support-free liquid stationary phase held in place by a simple centrifugal or complex centrifugal force field. Biphasic liquid systems are used with one liquid phase being the stationary phase and the other being the mobile phase. Although initiated almost 30 years ago, CCC lacked reliable columns. This is changing now, and the newly designed centrifuges appearing on the market make excellent CCC columns. This review focuses on the advantages of a liquid stationary phase and addresses the chromatographic theory of CCC. The main difference with classical liquid chromatography (LC) is the variable volume of the stationary phase. There are mainly two different ways to obtain a liquid stationary phase using centrifugal forces, the hydrostatic way and the hydrodynamic way. These two kinds of CCC columns are described and compared. The reported applications of CCC in analytical chemistry and comparison with other separation and enrichment methods show that the technique can be successfully used in the analysis of plants and other natural products, for the separation of biochemicals and pharmaceuticals, for the separation of alkaloids from medical herbs, in food analysis, etc. On the basis of the studies of the last two decades, recommendations are also given for the application of CCC in trace inorganic analysis and in radioanalytical chemistry

Analysis of the Economic and Environmental Policy of Ukrainian Defence Industry Enterprises

Introduction. The regulation of economic and environmental impacts of the entire military-industrial complex is a cross-sectoral and international problem. At the same time, research in this area is rather fragmented, which reduces the effectiveness of systematic reviews of the security and defence sector in the context of the green economy. The relevance of the issue of greening the defence industry is significantly enhanced by the need to regulate and operate domestic defence industries in the context of the country's military operations. Aim and tasks. The aim of the study is to substantiate the economic mechanism for regulating the greening of enterprises of the defence industry of Ukraine. Results. The economic and environmental security requirements for defence industry enterprises are studied, as the activity of polluting sources of enterprises, including defence enterprises in Ukraine, has generally decreased, in 2021, emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources decreased by 9.0% compared to 2020, to almost 2.2 million tonnes, ammunition was disposed of (235.29 thousand tonnes of ammunition were disposed of from 2014 to 2020) and liquid rocket fuel (16.7 thousand tonnes of melange). In 2021, enterprises, organisations and institutions spent UAH 41.3 billion on environmental protection, compared to UAH 43.7 billion in 2020. Of the total environmental costs in 2021, 68% were current expenses and 32% were capital investments. The strategic directions of greening the defence industry enterprises have been identified, including the introduction of resource-saving technologies, environmental monitoring of environmental impact and reduction of the negative impact of the defence industry units. Conclusion. The realisation of the greening potential will help protect the country's natural resource potential under the influence of the defence industry. A system of measures should be developed to ensure the protection and restoration of natural systems at a certain cost. Given the importance of the defence industry for the country in the context of current external threats and armed conflicts in certain parts of the territory, it is necessary to develop a strategic vision of environmental security with the involvement of all relevant organisations and taking into account the degree of responsibility and motivation for eco-oriented management

КОГНІТИВНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ РОЗВИТКУ БАНКІВСЬКОЇ СИСТЕМИ УКРАЇНИ

The aim of the study is the analysis of the development of the banking system of Ukraine in the current economic and political conditions and identifying the opportunities of using the cognitive technologies for predicting its development. Methodical research tools include the cognitive modeling, which allows establishing a qualitative relationship between quantitative indicators. Testing of methodological tools was conducted on the example of the Ukrainian banks. It was analyzed the current financial position of the banking system of Ukraine with the help of the indicators of profitability, equity, liquidity, business activity. As a result the substantial worsening of indicators of basic performance of Ukrainian banks was discovered. It was investigated the possibilities of using cognitive models in bank's management for prediction the development of the banking system of Ukraine. It was proposed to use integrated assessment of financial stability of the Ukrainian banking system as a factor that reflects the level of its development. By using cognitive modeling intercommunication of indexes that characterize financial sustainability of Ukrainian banking system was investigated. It was founded that among the indicators of financial sustainability of Ukrainian banking system the most important is an index of correlation of clean open position in foreign currency to the capital. It was proposed to use the results of cognitive analysis in constructing scenarios of development of the banking system of Ukraine.The aim of the study is the analysis of the development of the banking system of Ukraine in the current economic and political conditions and identifying the opportunities of using the cognitive technologies for predicting its development. Methodical research tools include the cognitive modeling, which allows establishing a qualitative relationship between quantitative indicators. Testing of methodological tools was conducted on the example of the Ukrainian banks. It was analyzed the current financial position of the banking system of Ukraine with the help of the indicators of profitability, equity, liquidity, business activity. As a result the substantial worsening of indicators of basic performance of Ukrainian banks was discovered. It was investigated the possibilities of using cognitive models in bank's management for prediction the development of the banking system of Ukraine. It was proposed to use integrated assessment of financial stability of the Ukrainian banking system as a factor that reflects the level of its development. By using cognitive modeling intercommunication of indexes that characterize financial sustainability of Ukrainian banking system was investigated. It was founded that among the indicators of financial sustainability of Ukrainian banking system the most important is an index of correlation of clean open position in foreign currency to the capital. It was proposed to use the results of cognitive analysis in constructing scenarios of development of the banking system of Ukraine.Целью исследования является анализ развития банковской системы Украины в нынешних экономических и политических условиях и выявление возможности использования когнитивных технологий для прогнозирования её развития. Проанализировано текущее финансовое состояние банковской системы Украины, в результате чего выявлено значительное ухудшение показателей деятельности украинских банков. Предложено использовать интегральный показатель финансовой устойчивости украинской банковской системы как фактор, который отражает уровень ее развития. С помощью когнитивного моделирования исследована взаимосвязь показателей, характеризующих финансовую устойчивость банковской системы Украины. Выявлено, что среди этих показателей наиболее влиятельным является показатель соотношения чистой открытой позиции в иностранной валюте к капиталу. Предложено использовать результаты когнитивного анализа при построении сценариев развития банковской системы.Метою дослідження є аналіз розвитку банківської системи України в нинішніх економічних і політичних умовах і виявлення можливості використання когнітивних технологій для прогнозування її розвитку. Проаналізовано поточний фінансовий стан банківської системи України, в результаті чого виявлено значне погіршення показників діяльності українських банків. Запропоновано використовувати інтегральний показник фінансової стійкості української банківської системи як фактор, який відображає рівень її розвитку. За допомогою когнітивного моделювання досліджено взаємозв'язок показників, що характеризують фінансову стійкість банківської системи України. Виявлено, що серед цих показників найбільш впливовим є показник співвідношення чистої відкритої позиції в іноземній валюті до капіталу. Запропоновано використовувати результати когнітивного аналізу при побудові сценаріїв розвитку банківської системи

Assessment of China’s Macro-Readiness for Integrated Innovative Management Technologies Employment

Introduction. Economic entities should constantly apply various forms of innovation, including managerial and organizational innovations, to ensure the processes of developing and acquiring adaptive capacity. One of these innovations is integrated management technologies covering several interacting heterogeneous technological, economic, organizational, social, and psychological processes or several management functions. Aim and tasks. The study aims to elaborate a procedure for assessing a country’s macro-readiness to apply integrated innovative management technologies and qualitatively characterise its level. Results. An assessment of macro-readiness to apply integrated innovative management technologies was conducted using the case of China. In order to obtain a generalized evaluation of the country’s macro-readiness to apply integrated innovative management technologies, synthetic taxonomic indicators based on readiness components and a general synthetic indicator were generated. The synthetic human capital and research indicator changed from low (0.243) in 2016 to high (0.647) in 2020. The same trend is inherent in the synthetic indicator of ICT availability and use, which increased from 0.367 to 0.920, and in the synthetic indicator of institutional and business environment, which increased from 0.310 to 0.876. Although it has improved from 0.205 to 0.451, the synthetic indicators of financial resources and development have not yet reached a high level. Conclusion. The suggested procedure for assessing macro-readiness to apply integrated innovative management technologies is based on constructing a synthetic indicator of readiness, combining the taxonomic indicators of human, digital, financial, and institutional readiness. This procedure, implying the determination of their qualitative levels, enables us to determine a country’s readiness to support business entities’ adoption of new management technologies. The assessment of China's readiness for applying integrated innovative management technologies using the developed approach revealed that the ICT component is the best developed, while the financial component is the most underdeveloped

The nature of the interaction of dimethylselenide with IIIA group element compounds

The first systematic theoretical study of the nature of intermolecular bonding of dimethylselenide as donor and IIIA group element halides as acceptors was made with the help of the approach of Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules. Density Functional Theory with "old" Sapporo triple-ζ basis sets was used to calculate geometry, thermodynamics, and wave function of Me 2Se···AX3 complexes. The analysis of the electron density distribution and the Laplacian of the electron density allowed us to reveal and explain the tendencies in the influence of the central atom (A = B, Al, Ga, In) and halogen (X = F, Cl, Br, I) on the nature of Se···A bonding. Significant changes in properties of the selenium lone pair upon complexation were described by means of the analysis of the Laplacian of the charge density. Charge transfer characteristics and the contributions to it from electron localization and delocalization were analyzed in terms of localization and delocalization indexes. Common features of the complexation and differences in the nature of bonding were revealed. Performed analysis evidenced that gallium and indium halide complexes can be attributed to charge transfer-driven complexes; aluminum halides complexes seem to be mainly of an electrostatic nature. The nature of bonding in different boron halides essentially varies; these complexes are stabilized mainly by covalent Se···B interaction. In all the complexes under study covalence of the Se···A interaction is rather high. © 2013 American Chemical Society

Dimethyl selenide complexes with compounds of Group IIIA elements: Electron density redistribution and interaction energy partitioning

Molecular structures of dimethyl selenide complexes with AX3 (A = B, Al, Ga, In; X = H, Me) compounds of Group IIIA elements were calculated by the PBE1PBE/SapporoTZ method. A complex approach to study the nature of interactions is proposed, which involves analysis of electron localization/delocalization characteristics and their influence on charge transfer and energy effects of complexation. It is shown that electron sharing is more important for stabiliza tion of the complexes under study than electrostatic interaction between their fragments. It is demonstrated that analysis of local (topological) characteristics of the electron density distribu tion is insufficient to discover similarity/dissimilarity in the nature of some complexes. The energies of interaction in the complexes under study are mainly composed of the contributions of Se atom as active center of the donor molecule and the entire acceptor molecule. Energy characteristics of local interaction between Se atom and Group IIIA element atom are not representative. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc

Use of causal analysis to improve the monitoring of the banking system stability

According to the stages of the banking system stability monitoring, the analysis of caus¬al links is used to identify the causes of the crisis trends spreading and the rationale for the most effective levers of regulatory influence on the banking system parameters by the central bank.The research is based on the use of the canonical correlation method for structuring causal links between the indicators for the assessment of the banking system stability, which are grouped into four sub-indices (assessing the intensity of credit and financial interaction in the interbank market, the effectiveness of the banking system functions, structural changes and financial disproportions in the banking system, activities of systemically important banks); the method of regression analysis and the calculation of elasticity coefficients is also used to assess the sensitivity of the banking system stability to changes in parameters that characterize the banking regulation instruments.The article analyzes the results of quantitative and qualitative assessment of the banking system stability (comparison of actual results of the evaluation with the data for previous years and comparison of values of stability indicators with critical values). The causes of detected deviations are determined taking into account the results of applying the canonical correlations method. Regression models have been constructed to confirm the dependence of the banking system stability index on the change in parameters that characterize banking regulation instruments, and to determine the most effective of them. Practical testing of submitted proposals is realized based on the Ukrainian banking system indicators for 2007–2016