The male reproductive biology of cultured river catfish, Mystus nemurus (Cuvier & Valenciennes)

Mystus nemurus broodstock bought from Rawang, Selangor in March 1995, conditioned in the Hatchery Unit of Universiti Putra Malaysia were used for all the experiments including larvae production. In the first experiment, morphologically the testis has shown to consist of a mass of finger like structures with an anterior part accommodating clusters of spermatogenic cells and spermatozoa; and the posterior part, displaying some muscle layers and ducts, described as spermatogenic and the glandular testis, respectively. Electron microscopy showed that the morphology of the M nemurus spermatozoa consist of a head measuring 1.88 ± 0.01 µm in diameter; midpiece, 1.69 ± 0.02 µm in width and flagellum, 11.42 ± 0.07 µm in length. In the second experiment, males M nemurus were distinguishable only at 5-monthold and gonads started differentiating at 8-month-old. Histometric measurement of the lumen areas of 11, 12 and 13-month-old showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in sizes compared to 8, 9 and 10-month-old and a significant (P < 0.05) correlation with r = -0.567 between these lumen and spermatogenic areas from the initial stage of differentiation. Males were found to produce spermatozoa at 13-month-old but only attained the ability to fertilize eggs at 17 -month-old. In the third experiment, among the various physical and biochemical characteristics determined between non-treated and carp pituitary extract (CPE) treated groups, significant differences (P < 0.05) were detected in the milt volume, pH, osmolality, glucose, urea, total protein, sperm density and total sperm count. The significantly (P < 0.05) higher fertilization rate of CPE treated group showed that hormone treatment on M nemurus produces better quality of milt and spermatozoa. In the last experiment, the testosterone (T) and l1-ketotestosterone (ll-KT) levels in the circulating plasma of matured and immature males M nemurus measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), ranged from 0.25 to 2.34 and 0.75 to 4.58 nglml; and 0.19 to 1.57 and 0.49 to 4.19 ng/ml, respectively, with ll-KT as the dominating androgen. In the one-year duration, T and l1-KT profiles of the two groups of matured and immature showed a significant correlation (P < 0.05) with r = 0.814 and 0.682, respectively. Hormones profiles suggested the association of these T and 11-KT with the reproductive cycle and gonadal development of the matured and immature groups, respectively

Blood cell histology of horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas.

Amoebocytes are the main carrier of innate immune system in horseshoe crabs. Cytoplasm of these cells are packed with granules which consist of all coagulation factors and anti-bacterial compounds. Light microscopy (using May-Grunwald and Giemsa staining technique) of 46 blood specimen for both sexes of Tachypleus gigas and observation under Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were performed. Light microscopy revealed that these are ovoid cells containing blue nucleus surrounded by a cytoplasm packed with pink granules. Large and small axes measured 18.8±0.5 and 12.8±0.4 μm, respectively. Total blood cell count (33000 cell mm-3) does not show any significant difference between sexes. TEM of normal and degranulated blood cells revealed that T. gigas hemocytes consist of two type of granules (large and small). Blood cells have all the necessary organelles of normal cells. During the granule formation, fusion of different intermediate granules were observed. Degranulated hemocytes under light microscope and TEM showed cells containing large nucleus and cytoplasmic granules were replaced with a large cytoplasmic vacuole. In light and electron microscopy only one type of hemocyte was observed, the granular cells. These granular cells consist of large and small granules

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Salinity and stocking density effect on growth and survival of Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker, 1850) fry.

The effect of salinity and stocking density on the growth and survival of Barbodes gonionotus fry were studied. Experiments were carried out at the Aquaculture Research Station Puchong, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor. Parameters measured once a week were total length (cm), weight (g) and survival (%). Water quality such as dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, ammonia, nitrite and temperature were monitored once in two days prior to the water change. During the study period, fry were fed ad libitum with commercial pellets (Star Feed with 42% Crude protein), two times daily at 09:00 and 17:00 h. In the first experiment, 2 cm B. gonionotus fry were used and place in 6 glass aquarium (58x38x38 cm). Fry were cultured at three stocking densities, 3, 5 and 8 fry L-1. At the end of culture period, it was found that B. gonionotus fry stocked at 3 fry L-1 showed significantly higher (p<0.05) final weight and total length. However, stocking density of 5 fry L-1 resulted the highest percentage of survival at the end of the experimental period. In the second experiment, B. gonionotus fry were cultured in water with four different salinities, 0, 5, 10 and 15 ppt. Similarly, 2 cm fry were used and placed in 6 glass aquariums (58x38x38 cm) with 40 L water. Treatment with 15 and 20 ppt were terminated due to mass mortality between 3-7 days of exposure. As for the rest of the treatments, it was found that B. gonionotus fry cultured at 0 ppt showed significantly higher (p<0.05) final body weight and total length as compared to 5 and 10 ppt. However, by the end of the experimental period, the percentage of survival was significantly the highest at 10 ppt. This study showed that B. gonionotus fry can be stocked at 3 fry L-1 without adverse effect on its growth and survival and survive well at 10 ppt

Optical anisotropy of Ge(001)2x1

We have measured the change in the optical reflection anisotropy of a clean Ge(001) surface upon exposure to molecular oxygen up to saturation coverage. Both phase and amplitude changes have been recorded with a normal-incidence ellipsometer. They have been found to be related by a Kramers-Kronig transformation. The change in the complex reflection ratio could be interpreted as an anisotropy of the clean Ge(001)2 × 1 surface dielectric function, using a three-layer McIntyre-Aspnes approach and neglecting the oxygen overlayer. The surface dielectric function anisotropy can be described fairly well by optical selection rules, based on symmetry arguments. This model was applied to the possible optical transitions at this surface between filled dimers, dangling bonds and back-bonds and the empty dangling bonds and dimers

The effects of dietary supplements of polyunsaturated fatty acid on pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera L., gonad composition and reproductive output

Black-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera broodstock was collected from the wild. Egg production, hatching rate and larval development were compared between oysters induced to spawn within 2 days after collection in the wild (T1), oysters fed a pure microalgae diet during 24 days before spawning (T2) and oysters fed the same microalgal diet in which 10% of the algae were replaced with 2 μm polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich microspheres (T3). Administration of lipid microspheres resulted in larger sized eggs, a higher percentage of D-larvae and larger sized 48-h-old larvae (P0.05). The gonads of oysters fed supplementary PUFA contained more docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and less monounsaturated fatty acids. Higher level of DHA in gonads of T3 was associated with oogenesis and embryogenesis success. The n-3/n-6 ratio in the neutral lipid fraction provides a good indication of the spawning condition and predicting egg size and hatching rate

Proximate and fatty acid composition of liver and fatty tissue of patin catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

The visceral storage fat and liver of patin catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) are normally discarded, which incurs cost and can cause environmental pollution. However, these may be potential sources to extract fish oil. The proximate and fatty acid compositions of liver and fatty tissue of patin catfish were investigated to evaluate the suitability of these by-products for extracting fish oil. Fat was extracted using a low temperature solvent extraction method. The average fat content of fatty tissue and liver of females were 77.64 and 11.71%, respectively, whereas in males this was73.23 and 9.59%, respectively. Fatty acids found in the extracted oil of these byproducts were C12:0, C14:0, C14:1, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C18:4, C20:0, C20:1, C20:4, C20:5, and C22:6.The major fatty acids presented in these tissues were palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1n-9), and linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6). The total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids of liver from male and female patin catfish were 13.31 and 13.30%, respectively, whereas in the fatty tissue these were11.64 and 12.09%, respectively. The n-3 to n-6 ratios of liver and fatty tissue of females were 1.61and 0.95, respectively, whereas in male fish these were 1.31 and 1.05, respectively. Results of this study indicated that the liver and fatty tissues of patin catfish are suitable sources of fish oil specifically due to the presence of monounsaturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

The effects of intramuscular and intraperitoneal injections of benzo(a)pyrene on selected biomarkers in Clarias gariepinus.

This study investigated the dose-dependent and time-course effects of intramuscular (i.m.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on the biomarkers EROD activity, GST activity, concentrations of BaP metabolites in bile, and visceral fat deposits (Lipid Somatic Index, LSI) in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Intraperitoneal injection resulted in 4.5 times higher accumulation of total selected biliary FACs than i.m. injection. Hepatic GST activities were inhibited by BaP via both injection methods. Dose–response relationships between BaP injection and both biliary FAC concentrations and hepatic GST activities were linear in the i.p. injected group but nonlinear in the i.m. injected fish. Hepatic EROD activity and LSI were not significantly affected by BaP exposure by either injection route. We conclude that i.p. is a more effective route of exposure than i.m. for future ecotoxicological studies of PAH exposure in C. gariepinus