First report of Muyocopron laterale causing a new leaf disease of Camellia sinensis in China

Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) diseases are one of the factors that reduce tea production yield and quality. Herein, a new leaf disease of tea plants was observed in tea plantations. A representative isolate was obtained from diseased leaf by the traditional fungus separation method. The isolate identified was confirmed as Muyocopron laterale based on morphological and molecular results and phylogenetic tree analysis. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on tea plant seedlings, and which is fulfilling Koch’s postulates. The disease was first identified in C. sinensis leaves caused by M. laterale in China. In the future, the results of this studies will enrich our knowledge and help control tea leaf disease

Theories and applications of tea residue adsorbing aroma compounds: a review

Tea leaves have a good natural adsorption capacity due to their numerous pore structures and high specific surface area. Along with the advancement of tea process technology, more and more sites of adsorption and binding have been found in tea leaves, thus further improving the adsorption performance. Based on the original biological structure and internal components of tea leaves, the adsorption mechanism in tea leaves for exogenous compounds is mainly divided into physical adsorption theory and chemical adsorption theory. Compared with original tea leaves, modified tea leaves significantly improve adsorption performance with a specific adsorption function, which could improve the utilization rate of tea leaves and their waste residues. Techniques such as scanning electron microscopy provide basic data support for exploring the adsorption mechanism of tea leaves at the level of material structure and a theoretical basis for the development of specific adsorbents. Additionally, the application of thermodynamic adsorption models and adsorption kinetic equations could help to understand the process of tea adsorbing exogenous compounds and to visualize the adsorption process. The adsorption of exogenous additives by tea residue could make use of the affinity between functional groups. In future, these mechanisms will lay the foundation for its application in the field of substance adsorption and improve the utilization efficiency of renewable resources similar to tea leaves

Evolutionary Patterns in the Dentition of Duplicidentata (Mammalia) and a Novel Trend in the Molarization of Premolars

The cusp homology of Lagomorpha has long been problematic largely because their teeth are highly derived relative to their more typically tribosphenic ancestors. Within this context, the lagomorph central cusp has been particularly difficult to homologize with other tribosphenic cusps; authors have previously considered it the paracone, protocone, metacone, amphicone, or an entirely new cusp.Here we present newly described fossil duplicidentates (Lagomorpha and Mimotonidae) in the context of a well-constrained phylogeny to establish a nomenclatural system for cusps based on the tribosphenic pattern. We show that the central cusp of lagomorphs is homologous with the metaconule of other mammals. We also show that the buccal acquisition of a second cusp on the premolars (molarization) within duplicidentates is atypical with respect to other mammalian lineages; within the earliest lagomorphs, a second buccal cusp is added mesially to an isolated buccal cusp.The distal shift of the ‘ancestral’ paracone within early duplicidentates amounts to the changing of a paracone into a metacone in these lineages. For this reason, we support a strictly topological approach to cusp names, and suggest a discontinuity in nomenclature to capture the complexity of the interplay between evolutionary history and the developmental process that have produced cusp patterns in duplicidentates

Deformation Prediction of Foundation Pit Based on Exponential Power Product Model of Improved Algorithm

In order to improve the prediction accuracy of foundation pit deformation, an improved optimization algorithm of supply and demand-exponential power product foundation pit deformation prediction model (ISDO-EPP model) is proposed. Through six standard test functions and three application examples, the optimization ability of the ISDO algorithm is verified, and the optimization results are compared with those of basic supply demand optimization algorithm (SDO), whale optimization algorithm (WOA), grey wolf optimization algorithm (GWO), moth swarm algorithm (MSA), and particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). Taking the settlement prediction of three foundation pits as an example, the delay time and embedding dimension of each case are determined by autocorrelation function method and false nearest neighbor method, and input and output vectors are constructed to train and predict each model. The results show that the search ability of the ISDO algorithm is better than that of SDO and other five algorithms, and the ISDO algorithm has better search accuracy, global search ability, and robustness. The absolute values of average relative errors of the ISDO-EPP model for three cases are 0.73%, 3.36%, and 1.33%, respectively, which are better than ISDO-SVM and ISDO-BP models. It shows that the ISDO algorithm can effectively optimize the parameters of the EPP model, and the ISDO-EPP model is feasible and effective for deformation prediction.</jats:p

Deformation Prediction of Foundation Pit Based on Exponential Power Product Model of Improved Algorithm

In order to improve the prediction accuracy of foundation pit deformation, an improved optimization algorithm of supply and demand-exponential power product foundation pit deformation prediction model (ISDO-EPP model) is proposed. Through six standard test functions and three application examples, the optimization ability of the ISDO algorithm is verified, and the optimization results are compared with those of basic supply demand optimization algorithm (SDO), whale optimization algorithm (WOA), grey wolf optimization algorithm (GWO), moth swarm algorithm (MSA), and particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). Taking the settlement prediction of three foundation pits as an example, the delay time and embedding dimension of each case are determined by autocorrelation function method and false nearest neighbor method, and input and output vectors are constructed to train and predict each model. The results show that the search ability of the ISDO algorithm is better than that of SDO and other five algorithms, and the ISDO algorithm has better search accuracy, global search ability, and robustness. The absolute values of average relative errors of the ISDO-EPP model for three cases are 0.73%, 3.36%, and 1.33%, respectively, which are better than ISDO-SVM and ISDO-BP models. It shows that the ISDO algorithm can effectively optimize the parameters of the EPP model, and the ISDO-EPP model is feasible and effective for deformation prediction

Energy efficiency and coding of neural network

Based on the Hodgkin-Huxley model, this study explored the energy efficiency of BA network, ER network, WS network, and Caenorhabditis elegans neural network, and explained the development of neural network structure in the brain from the perspective of energy efficiency using energy coding theory. The numerical simulation results showed that the BA network had higher energy efficiency, which was closer to that of the C. elegans neural network, indicating that the neural network in the brain had scale-free property because of satisfying high energy efficiency. In addition, the relationship between the energy consumption of neural networks and synchronization was established by applying energy coding. The stronger the neural network synchronization was, the less energy the network consumed.</jats:p

An Ossified Meckel's Cartilage in Two Cretaceous Mammals and Origin of the Mammalian Middle Ear

An ossified Meckel's cartilage has been recovered from two early Cretaceous mammals from China. This element is similar to Meckel's cartilage in prenatal and some postnatal extant mammals and indicates the relationship of Meckel's cartilage with the middle ear in early mammals. The evidence shows that brain expansion may not be the initial factor that caused the separation of postdentary bones from the dentary as middle ear ossicles during mammalian evolution. The failure of the dentary to seize reduced postdentary elements during ontogeny of early mammals is postulated as an alternative mechanism for the separation. Modifications of both feeding and hearing apparatuses in early mammals may have led to the development of the definitive mammalian middle ear.</jats:p