The characterization of tourmaline and its effects on plant growth

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of ACERALIVEN™, a commercial tourmaline, and to test its effect on plant growth. According to our analysis, ACERALIVEN™ belongs to the Si-Al-Mg tourmaline structure. It contains some trace metals such as zirconium, potassium, and iron and able to emit far-infrared energy in the emissivity of 0.829. Introducing the tourmaline into water changes the water to be more alkaline. Tourmaline also releases negative hydroxyl ions and dissolved oxygen creating what is called as hydrogen water. Mung beans submerged with ACERALIVEN™ shows a longer lifetime than without submerging the tourmaline.  Additionally, the tourmaline can promote plant growth by removing chlorine and releasing far-infrared which is beneficial for plant’s metabolism

Dynamics of hole tunneling by means of strain effects in asymmetry-coupled quantum wells

Hole coherent tunneling in the valence band for strained AlInAs/InGaAs asymmetry coupled quantum well (ACQW) structures are investigated theoretically An ACQW system of a 41Å narrow well (unstrained well) and a 61Å wide well (strained well) separated by a 25Å barrier is taken into consideration. Dynamics of interwell coherent oscillations are described by a numerical implementation using the time-dependent Schrödinger equation 1 with the Luttinger-Kohn Hamiltonian as well as the Pikus-Bir Hamiltonian 2 Tunneling processes are demonstrated at different internal strains (lattice matched case biaxial compression, and biaxial tension) and external electric fields. The resonance oscillations of ground states wavepackets in adjacent wells occur at higher electric field (more negative) under biaxial compressive strain, and take place at lower electric field (close to zero) for biaxial tensile strained ACQWs. Moreover with a nonzero in plane wave vector (k//≠0) a strong resonance tunneling between the heavy and the light hole levels occurs at some electric field due to mixing effects, which are greatly enhanced by internal strains. This oscillation frequency is faster than the heavy-heavy holes spatial tunneling Both the tunneling probabilities and the oscillation frequencies are functions of mixing effects, electric field effects, and strain effects.</jats:p