Développement d'une approche de planification systématique de la conservation des milieux humides intégrant les services écologiques

Globalement, le statut de la plupart des services écologiques (SE) est jugé préoccupant. Des actions de conservation permettraient de maintenir l’apport de certains SE à des emplacements cruciaux pour le maintien du bien-être humain. Néanmoins, comparée aux approches de conservation traditionnelles, la conservation des SE requiert des considérations particulières afin de capter le lien spatial qui unit les flux de services à leurs bénéficiaires. Or, ces connaissances demeurent fragmentaires. Cette thèse s’insère donc dans ce contexte et tente de répondre à trois questions principales, soit : (1) comment considérer le lien spatial entre les flux de SE et leurs bénéficiaires lors de la sélection des réserves?; (2) comment peut-on aligner la conservation de la biodiversité à celle des SE le plus efficacement possible?; et (3) quelles sont les conséquences de retarder la mise en œuvre des actions de conservation sur l’atteinte des objectifs? Nous avons d’abord montré que lorsque la demande pour les services à échelle locale était directement intégrée dans les procédés de planification systématique de la conservation, cela favorisait la sélection de sites qui étaient jusqu’à trois fois plus efficaces pour combler la demande des bénéficiaires par rapport à des approches qui ne ciblaient que l’apport des services uniquement. Cette nouvelle approche permet donc de concentrer les efforts de conservation aux endroits où les ressources investies contribueront le plus au bien-être humain. Ensuite, en utilisant cette dernière approche conjointement avec des cibles de biodiversité par l’entremise d’approche de sélection basée sur la complémentarité des sites, nous avons montré qu’il était possible d’atteindre toutes les cibles de conservation pour seulement 6 % de superficie supplémentaire à protéger. Lorsque l’atteinte de toutes les cibles de conservation est désirée, miser sur la congruence spatiale entre la biodiversité et les SE était de deux à cinq fois moins efficace que l’utilisation d’une approche basée sur la complémentarité entre les sites. Finalement, dans un contexte d’augmentation des pressions provenant des activités industrielles, nous avons évalué les effets du retard dans la mise en œuvre de la conservation sur le coût de remplacement des réseaux de conservation. Nous avons montré que ce coût peut s’élever jusqu’à 15 % lorsque la conservation est effectuée après le début du développement.The current global status of most ecosystem services (ES) is precarious. Conservation actions could help secure their provision in locations deemed critical for the maintenance of human well-being. However, compared to traditional conservation planning approaches, ES conservation requires particular considerations to capture the spatial link between human beneficiaries and services flows; this knowledge is still fragmentary. This thesis examines one such context and tries to answer the following three main research questions: (1) How do we identify important sites for ES conservation? (2) How do we best align biodiversity and ES conservation? (3) What are the consequences of the delayed implementation of ES conservation actions? We first showed that considering demand in systematic conservation planning procedures fostered the selection of sites that may be up to three times more efficient in fulfilling beneficiary demand. This approach enables conservation efforts to focus on locations where resource investment will yield the greatest return for human well-being. Then, using this novel approach simultaneously with wetland biodiversity features within a complementary based selection procedure, we showed that it was possible to achieve all biodiversity and ES targets for only six percent of the additional area to be protected. When all conservation targets are sought to be a attained, counting on the spatial congruence between biodiversity and ES may be two to five times less efficient than using a complementarity based approach. Finally, in a context of increasing pressures from industrial development, we assessed the role of timing where the implementation of ES conservation actions is concerned on the replacement cost of the resultant networks. We showed that a slight increase in the percentage of the study area subjected to development can raise the replacement cost of conservation networks of up to fifteen percent

Rôle de la culture et du niveau socio-économique sur les réponses maternelles aux détresses d'enfants de 3 mois : Bogota et Québec

La culture et le niveau socio-économique semblent influencer grandement les réponses des mères aux pleurs de leur enfant. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’évaluer le rôle de la culture et du niveau socio-économique sur les réponses maternelles aux pleurs d’enfants âgés de trois mois dans deux cultures : Bogota et Québec. L’étude comprend trente-six dyades mère-enfant de Bogota et trente-sept de Québec. Les dyades de ces deux cultures sont contrastées en deux groupes selon leur niveau socio-économique familial (faible ou élevé).Les interactions mère-enfant sont observées et codifiées à domicile durant trois périodes de quatre heures selon la grille « Three Month Home Observations » (Lamb, 1995). La culture ressort comme le facteur le plus associé aux conduites maternelles. Les résultats démontrent que malgré des différences significatives dans la fréquence des comportements, les mères québécoises et de Bogota répondent sensiblement de la même manière aux détresses de leur béb

Use of demand for and spatial flow of ecosystem services to identify priority areas

Policies and research increasingly focus on the protection of ecosystem services (ESs) through priority-area conservation. Priority areas for ESs should be identified based on ES capacity and ES demand and account for the connections between areas of ES capacity and demand (flow) resulting in areas of unique demand-supply connections (flow zones). We tested ways to account for ES demand and flow zones to identify priority areas in the European Union. We mapped the capacity and demand of a global (carbon sequestration), a regional (flood regulation), and 3 local ESs (air quality, pollination, and urban leisure). We used Zonation software to identify priority areas for ESs based on 6 tests: with and without accounting for ES demand and 4 tests that accounted for the effect of ES flow zone. There was only 37.1% overlap between the 25% of priority areas that encompassed the most ESs with and without accounting for ES demand. The level of ESs maintained in the priority areas increased from 23.2% to 57.9% after accounting for ES demand, especially for ESs with a small flow zone. Accounting for flow zone had a small effect on the location of priority areas and level of ESs maintained but resulted in fewer flow zones without ES maintained relative to ignoring flow zones. Accounting for demand and flow zones enhanced representation and distribution of ESs with local to regional flow zones without large trade-offs relative to the global ES. We found that ignoring ES demand led to the identification of priority areas in remote regions where benefits from ES capacity to society were small. Incorporating ESs in conservation planning should therefore always account for ES demand to identify an effective priority network for ESs.Peer reviewe

Développement d'approches sylvicoles alternatives adaptées aux peuplements irréguliers de sapin baumier et d'épinette noire

L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer si le jardinage peut être utilisé dans un contexte d'aménagement écosystémique pour développer un régime sylvicole adapté à la forêt boréale irrégulière et à sa faune. Deux nouvelles approches de jardinage ont donc été comparées aux méthodes de coupes plus conventionnellement utilisées en forêt boréale (la CPRS et la CPPTM) quant à leur efficacité à maintenir les attributs forestiers typiques des vieux peuplements irréguliers. La comparaison a révélé que le jardinage permet, en général, le maintien d'une abondance plus élevée des attributs par rapport aux coupes plus sévères. De plus, dans l'optique de réduire les coûts associés à la récolte, les approches de jardinage ont aussi été réalisées sans avoir recours au martelage. L'analyse a dévoilé que malgré l'absence du martelage, le jardinage semble être opérationnel tout en se montrant efficace vis-à-vis le maintien des attributs forestiers

L'Estuaire, vol. 23 (2)

Éditorial -- Les cendres du passé, un souvenir brûlant : l'incendie de Rimouski -- René Michaud. Souvenirs maritimes -- William Purcell, le dernier soldat du fort Ingall -- La vie à la petite école du rang -- Rimouski au temps d'Adèle Lamontagne 1858-1875 (partie 2). La transition entre village et ville -- Chroniques rimouskoises: La famille d'Ulric J. Tessier -- La pêche au fer -- Vieux écrits: Le dur métier de pêcheur en Gaspésie au milieu du XIXe siècle -- Nouvelles brèves -- Des livres à lire

Site complementarity between biodiversity and ecosystem services in conservation planning of sparsely-populated regions.

The consequences of considering ecosystem services (ES) in conservation assessment are still widely debated. The degree of success depends on the extent to which biodiversity and ES can be secured under joint conservation actions. Unlike biodiversity, ES conservation is inseparably linked to human beneficiaries. Reconciling biodiversity with ES and conservation can be particularly challenging in sparsely populated areas. This study, in a sparselypopulated region of eastern Canada, focused on freshwater wetland biodiversity and ten ES provided by wetlands. Within a given maximal total area, the results showed that planning for biodiversity underrepresented local flow ES supply by 57% and demand by 61% in conservation networks. Planning for ES alone underrepresented wetland biodiversity surrogates by an average of 34%. Considering both biodiversity and ES simultaneously, all of the biodiversity and ES targets were achieved with only a 6% mean increase in area. Achieving all conservation targets starting from a network that was primarily built for either ES or biodiversity features alone was two to five times less efficient than considering both ES and biodiversity simultaneously in conservation assessment. A better framework is required to translate these spatial synergies into effective joint conservation actions

Consequences of delaying the conservation of ecosystem services in remote landscapes prone to natural resource exploitation

Context : Natural resource extraction is expanding towards increasingly remote areas. Meanwhile, the sustainability of most ecosystem service (ES) supplies, which form a great part of the livelihoods, health and economy of inhabitants in remote regions, is threatened by large-scale land-use changes. Objective : The aim of the study was to assess the consequences of postponing ES conservation planning in remote regions prone to industrial development. More specially, is there a development threshold at which ES conservation may be imperilled. Methods : We simulated eight stages of development using actual data on hydroelectricity generation, forestry and mining expansion. Aiming to protect ten wetland’s ES provision, we assembled referential conservation networks prior to development and several alternative conservation solutions after each stage of development. We compared these networks and assessed the impact of land-use changes on the basic properties of ES conservation networks. Results : We found that conservation network alternative solutions were more costly in terms of additional area needed to achieve all targets: up to 16 % more so, compared to referential networks. Past a certain stage of development, alternative solutions were composed of a significantly greater proportion of small sites and, consequently, the networks became much more fragmented. Development also changed the spatial configuration of networks: up to 66 % of the sites included in alternative solutions were not selected in the referential networks. Conclusions : According to current trends, future development will strongly compete with ES conservation. Our study emphasizes the importance of implementing ES conservation actions before development, even in remote regions

Towards systematic conservation planning adapted to the local flow of ecosystem services

AbstractEcosystem services (ES) are increasingly included in conservation assessment worldwide to sustain their ability to fulfill human needs. Due to the instrumental value inherent in ES, priority areas for their conservation should be selected based on their capacity to both ensure an available supply and meet beneficiary demands. However, such a methodology has yet to be developed. Aiming to adapt systematic conservation planning procedures to include ES, we conducted a case study in eastern Canada focusing on ten ES for 16 wetland types. We first delimited the ES supply accessible for human use from the total biophysical supply and mapped demand for each ES. Secondly, we assembled conservation networks targeting the accessible supply and demand and compared them with networks targeting either ES biophysical supply or accessible supply. We found that targeting only ES supply resulted in selecting sites that are not in demand and may be up to three times less efficient in fulfilling the demands of beneficiaries for local flow ES. Thus, not considering demand in ES conservation assessment fails to position reserves where ES supply is likely to be most useful. Setting conservation targets for ES supply and demand could therefore help to achieve ES conservation objectives