Problematyka hydrologiczna w programie ochrony środowiska miasta Kielce

The paper presents hydrological issues included in the current Environment Protection Programme of the Kielce city along with its environmental impact assessment. The tasks related to the aquatic environment prevail in this Programme which has been drawn with the use of the sustainable development indicators of pressure, state and response. The performed analysis has shown that among 229 tasks of the Programme, 57 are related to surface and underground water environment and water management. Separated tasks, included in individual partial plans, have also been assessed in order to estimate their potential impact on environmental components. Their implementation will significantly influence the state of city’s environment – primarily the water environment (82.5%) and also the soil and ground surface (35.1%). Preventive actions proposed in the Programme might have both positive and negative impact on fauna and flora biodiversity. There have been three priority task groups (A, B, C) identified in the Programme that point out to the importance and urgency of implementation of the tasks concerning water protection and other environmental components along with reduction of the risks to citizens’ health. The most important and urgent tasks (priority A) include: reducing the high burden caused to aquatic environment by insufficiently cleaned wastewater; reducing the surface runoff growth; preventing the degradation of water in the area of the main aquifer; reactivation of the surface water monitoring system.W pracy przedstawiono zagadnienia hydrologiczne i hydrogeologiczne ujęte w aktualnym Programie Ochrony Środowiska miasta Kielce wraz z prognozą jego oddziaływania na środowisko. W Programie tym, opracowanym z wykorzystaniem wskaźników zrównoważonego rozwoju: presji, stanu oraz reakcji, dominują zadania związane ze środowiskiem wodnym. Przeprowadzona analiza wskazuje, że w Programie aż 57 z 229 zadań odnosi się do środowiska wód powierzchniowych i podziemnych oraz gospodarki wodnej. Wyodrębnione zadania, wchodzące w skład poszczególnych planów cząstkowych, zostały poddane ocenie w celu identyfikacji potencjalnych oddziaływań na komponenty środowiska. Realizacja zadań wpłynie znacząco pozytywnie na środowisko, a przede wszystkim na wody (82,5%) oraz powierzchnię ziemi i glebę (35,1%). Zaproponowane działania prewencyjne mogą mieć jednocześnie znaczący pozytywny i negatywny wpływ na bioróżnorodność, florę i faunę. W Programie określono trzy grupy zadań priorytetowych (A, B, C). wskazujących na ważność i pilność działań na rzecz ochrony wód i pozostałych komponentów środowiska oraz ograniczenia zagrożeń dla zdrowia mieszkańców miasta. Za najważniejsze i najpilniejsze zadania (priorytet A) uznano: zmniejszenie dużego obciążenia środowiska wodnego jeszcze niewystarczająco oczyszczonymi ściekami; ograniczenie wzrostu odpływu powierzchniowego; przeciwdziałanie degradacji wód podziemnych w obrębie GZWP; reaktywację systemu monitoringu środowiska wód powierzchniowych

Towards developing ethical reasoners:Integrating probabilistic reasoning and decision-making for complex AI systems

A computational ethics framework is essential for AI and autonomous systems operating in complex, real-world environments. Existing approaches often lack the adaptability needed to integrate ethical principles into dynamic and ambiguous contexts, limiting their effectiveness across diverse scenarios. To address these challenges, we outline the necessary ingredients for building a holistic, meta-level framework that combines intermediate representations, probabilistic reasoning, and knowledge representation. The specifications therein emphasize scalability, supporting ethical reasoning at both individual decision-making levels and within the collective dynamics of multi-agent systems. By integrating theoretical principles with contextual factors, it facilitates structured and context-aware decision-making, ensuring alignment with overarching ethical standards. We further explore proposed theorems outlining how ethical reasoners should operate, offering a foundation for practical implementation. These constructs aim to support the development of robust and ethically reliable AI systems capable of navigating the complexities of real-world moral decision-making scenarios

Improvement of Nicotiana tabacum L. for low conversion of nicotine to nornicotine and its effect on morphological traits and chemical composition

Nornicotine is a secondary metabolite formed in tobacco leaves by the oxidative N-demethylation (conversion) of nicotine. Its high level is undesirable because this alkaloid is a precursor of N-nitrosonornicotine, which has been shown to have carcinogenic properties. The aim of the study was to assess the nicotine and nornicotine content in four successive generations of ten tobacco cultivars/breeding lines. The possibility of reducing potentially harmful compounds in the cultivars/breeding lines was also determined. The study was conducted as field experiments between the years 2014 and 2018. The alkaloid content in the leaves was determined by the gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. The systematic assessment of the alkaloid profile of tobacco and eliminating converter plants in four successive generations, particularly within breeding lines characterized by a wide conversion range, made it possible to reduce the nornicotine content and, thus, the potentially carcinogenic compounds in the leaves. Three lines, ZD2, TNX1, and WGLB with a stable conversion rate of ≤3% and low content of nornicotine were obtained. Furthermore, the morphological traits of the isogenic lines ZD2, TNX1 and WGLB, which exhibit markedly different conversion capacity were evaluated. The greenhouse experiment showed that there were significant differences in some morphological traits. The non-converting lines TNX1 and ZD2 produced longer and wider 9th and 15th leaves than the converting analogues. A relationship has been identified between the traits that determine the phenotype of tobacco cultivars/lines and their ability to convert nicotine to nornicotine.Nornicotine is a secondary metabolite formed in tobacco leaves by the oxidative N-demethylation (conversion) of nicotine. Its high level is undesirable because this alkaloid is a precursor of N-nitrosonornicotine, which has been shown to have carcinogenic properties. The aim of the study was to assess the nicotine and nornicotine content in four successive generations of ten tobacco cultivars/breeding lines. The possibility of reducing potentially harmful compounds in the cultivars/breeding lines was also determined. The study was conducted as field experiments between the years 2014 and 2018. The alkaloid content in the leaves was determined by the gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. The systematic assessment of the alkaloid profile of tobacco and eliminating converter plants in four successive generations, particularly within breeding lines characterized by a wide conversion range, made it possible to reduce the nornicotine content and, thus, the potentially carcinogenic compounds in the leaves. Three lines, ZD2, TNX1, and WGLB with a stable conversion rate of ≤3% and low content of nornicotine were obtained. Furthermore, the morphological traits of the isogenic lines ZD2, TNX1 and WGLB, which exhibit markedly different conversion capacity were evaluated. The greenhouse experiment showed that there were significant differences in some morphological traits. The non-converting lines TNX1 and ZD2 produced longer and wider 9th and 15th leaves than the converting analogues. A relationship has been identified between the traits that determine the phenotype of tobacco cultivars/lines and their ability to convert nicotine to nornicotine

The properties of reservoir water in post‑mining excavations of Cambrian and Devonian quartzite sandstones (Holy Cross Mountains)

In the Holy Cross Mountains (southern Poland), there are numerous disused quarries. Some of these are filled with water, and some, despite their nearby location, have extremely diverse physicochemical and chemical properties of their waters. One such object is the Wiśniówka Mała reservoir. Its waters contain large amounts of sulfates (> 700 mg/L) and iron (24 mg/L), which are weathering products of rocks containing metal sulfides (mainly pyrite) in the direct drainage zone. As a consequence, there is an increase in the electrolytic conductivity of the water supplying the reservoir, resulting in very low pH values (< 4). This article presents the detailed limnological characteristics of this reservoir and explains the process that led to its water acidification. A control reservoir, Barcza, was also selected for the tests. Although it is also a post-mining excavation, it has a neutral pH and a low concentration of sulfates and iron. The examined reservoirs differ in the hydrochemical type of waters. The Wiśniówka Mała reservoir represents a sulfate–calcium double-ion type ( SO4 2−–Ca2+) and the Barcza reservoir, a bicarbonate–calcium type ( HCO3 −–Ca2+). The concentrations of the main ions occurring here are shaped by the lithological features of the surrounding rocks (respectively: Upper Cambrian quartzite sandstones with pyrite mineralization zones, Lower Devonian sandstones cut by mudstones and claystones with tuffite inserts)

On the approximation by Favard-Szasz type operators

Not available

The Mines Rescue Service in the Polish System of Crisis Management

The paper presents the place of the mines rescue service in the structures of the crisis management system in Poland. The mines rescue service as one of several entities of the rescue system in Poland focuses on helping injured miners and other people trapped underground. The paper mentions existing legal regulations concerning the mines rescue service and other emergency services. An important piece of legislation for members of mines rescue teams, is the ordinance of the Minister of Energy of 16 March 2017 which introduces a number of revolutionary changes such as obligation to deliver qualified first aid and on-the-spot psychological support. In this way the mines rescue service has become more utilitarian and more universal and therefore may be efficiently used for operations in more general crisis situations and even better contribute to the smooth functioning of the state

The Mines Rescue Service in the Polish System of Crisis Management

The paper presents the place of the mines rescue service in the structures of the crisis management system in Poland. The mines rescue service as one of several entities of the rescue system in Poland focuses on helping injured miners and other people trapped underground. The paper mentions existing legal regulations concerning the mines rescue service and other emergency services. An important piece of legislation for members of mines rescue teams, is the ordinance of the Minister of Energy of 16 March 2017 which introduces a number of revolutionary changes such as obligation to deliver qualified first aid and on-the-spot psychological support. In this way the mines rescue service has become more utilitarian and more universal and therefore may be efficiently used for operations in more general crisis situations and even better contribute to the smooth functioning of the state

A Voronovskaya-type theorem for a positive linear operator

We consider a sequence of positive linear operators which approximates continuous functions having exponential growth at infinity. For these operators, we give a Voronovskayatype theorem