On-orbit demonstration of automated closure and capture using ESA-developed proximity operations technologies and an existing, serviceable NASA Explorer Platform spacecraft

The European Space Agency (ESA) has been working to develop an autonomous rendezvous and docking capability since 1984 to enable Hermes to automatically dock with Columbus. As a result, ESA with Matra, MBB, and other space companies have developed technologies that are also directly supportive of the current NASA initiative for Automated Rendezvous and Capture. Fairchild and Matra would like to discuss the results of the applicable ESA/Matra rendezvous and capture developments, and suggest how these capabilities could be used, together with an existing NASA Explorer Platform satellite, to minimize new development and accomplish a cost effective automatic closure and capture demonstration program. Several RV sensors have been developed at breadboard level for the Hermes/Columbus program by Matra, MBB, and SAAB. Detailed algorithms for automatic rendezvous, closure, and capture have been developed by ESA and CNES for application with Hermes to Columbus rendezvous and docking, and they currently are being verified with closed-loop software simulation. The algorithms have multiple closed-loop control modes and phases starting at long range using GPS navigation. Differential navigation is used for coast/continuous thrust homing, holdpoint acquisition, V-bar hopping, and station point acquisition. The proximity operation sensor is used for final closure and capture. A subset of these algorithms, comprising the proximity operations algorithms, could easily be extracted and tailored to a limited objective closure and capture flight demonstration

STAT3 the oncogene - still eluding therapy?

The STAT family of transcription factors (signal transducers and activators of transcription) transduce signals from cytokine receptors to the nucleus, where STAT dimers bind to DNA and regulate transcription. STAT3 is the most ubiquitous of the STATs, being activated by a wide variety of cytokines and growth factors. STAT3 has many roles in physiological processes such as inflammatory signalling, aerobic glycolysis and immune suppression, and was also the first family member shown to be aberrantly activated in a wide range of both solid and liquid tumours. STAT3 promotes tumorigenesis by regulating the expression of various target genes, including cell-cycle regulators, angiogenic factors and anti-apoptosis genes. Paradoxically, in some circumstances, STAT3 signalling induces cell death. The best known example is the involuting mammary gland, where STAT3 is essential for induction of a lysosomal pathway of cell death. Nevertheless, direct silencing or inhibition of STAT3 diminishes tumour growth and survival in both animal and human studies. This suggests that abolishing STAT3 activity may be an effective cancer therapeutic strategy. However, despite this potential as a therapeutic target, and the extensive attempts by many laboratories and pharmaceutical companies to develop an effective STAT3 inhibitor for use in the clinic, no direct STAT3 inhibitor has been approved for clinical use. In this review, we focus on the role of STAT3 in tumorigenesis, and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment.M.S.W. is supported by a UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council CASE PhD studentship in collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Wiley via http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/febs.1328

Mapping determinants of cytokine signaling via protein engineering

Cytokines comprise a large family of secreted ligands that are critical for the regulation of immune homeostasis. Cytokines initiate signaling via dimerization or oligomerization of the cognate receptor subunits, triggering the activation of the Janus Kinases (JAKs)/ signal transducer and activator of transcription (STATs) pathway and the induction of specific gene expression programs and bioactivities. Deregulation of cytokines or their downstream signaling pathways are at the root of many human disorders including autoimmunity and cancer. Identifying and understanding the mechanistic principles that govern cytokine signaling will, therefore, be highly important in order to harness the therapeutic potential of cytokines. In this review, we will analyze how biophysical (ligand-receptor binding geometry and affinity) and cellular (receptor trafficking and intracellular abundance of signaling molecules) parameters shape the cytokine signalosome and cytokine functional pleiotropy; from the initial cytokine binding to its receptor to the degradation of the cytokine receptor complex in the proteasome and/or lysosome. We will also discuss how combining advanced protein engineering with detailed signaling and functional studies has opened promising avenues to tackle complex questions in the cytokine signaling field.</p

Super Resolution Microscopy Reveals that Caveolin-1 Is Required for Spatial Organization of CRFB1 and Subsequent Antiviral Signaling in Zebrafish

10.1371/journal.pone.0068759PLoS ONE87-POLN

Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectin LecB impairs keratinocyte fitness by abrogating growth factor signalling

Lectins are glycan-binding proteins with no catalytic activity and ubiquitously expressed in nature. Numerous bacteria use lectins to efficiently bind to epithelia, thus facilitating tissue colonisation. Wounded skin is one of the preferred niches for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has developed diverse strategies to impair tissue repair processes and promote infection. Here, we analyse the effect of the P. aeruginosa fucose-binding lectin LecB on human keratinocytes and demonstrate that it triggers events in the host, upon binding to fucosylated residues on cell membrane receptors, which extend beyond its role as an adhesion molecule. We found that LecB associates with insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and dampens its signalling, leading to the arrest of cell cycle. In addition, we describe a novel LecB-triggered mechanism to down-regulate host cell receptors by showing that LecB leads to insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor internalisation and subsequent missorting towards intracellular endosomal compartments, without receptor activation. Overall, these data highlight that LecB is a multitask virulence factor that, through subversion of several host pathways, has a profound impact on keratinocyte proliferation and survival

Targeted Therapies in Liver Fibrosis:Combining the Best Parts of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB and Interferon Gamma

Cytokines, growth factors and other locally produced mediators play key roles in the regulation of disease progression. During liver fibrosis, these mediators orchestrate the balance between pro- and antifibrotic activities as exerted by the hepatic cells. Two important players in this respect are the profibrotic mediator platelet derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) and the antifibrotic cytokine interferon gamma (IFNγ). PDGF-BB, produced by many resident and infiltrating cells, causes extensive proliferation, migration and contraction of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and myofibroblasts. These cells are the extracellular matrix producing hepatic cells and they highly express the PDGFβ-receptor. On the other hand, IFNγ is produced by natural killer cells in fibrotic livers and is endowed with pro-inflammatory, antiviral and antifibrotic activities. This cytokine attracted much attention as a possible therapeutic compound in fibrosis. However, clinical trials yielded disappointing results because of low efficacy and adverse effects, most likely related to the dual role of IFNγ in fibrosis. In our studies, we targeted the antifibrotic IFNγ to the liver myofibroblasts. For that, we altered the cell binding properties of IFNγ, by delivery of the IFNγ-nuclear localization sequence to the highly expressed PDGFβ-receptor using a PDGFβ-receptor recognizing peptide, thereby creating a construct referred to as Fibroferon (i.e. fibroblast-targeted interferon γ). In recent years, we demonstrated that HSC-specific delivery of IFNγ increased its antifibrotic potency and improved its general safety profile in vivo, making Fibroferon highly suitable for the treatment of (fibrotic) diseases associated with elevated PDGFβ-receptor expression. The present review summarizes the knowledge on these two key mediators, PDGF-BB and IFNγ, and outlines how we used this knowledge to create the cell-specific antifibrotic compound Fibroferon containing parts of both of these mediators

Growth delay of human bladder cancer cells by Prostate Stem Cell Antigen downregulation is associated with activation of immune signaling pathways

Background: Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored protein expressed not only in prostate but also in pancreas and bladder cancer as shown by immunohistochemistry and mRNA analysis. It has been targeted by monoclonal antibodies in preclinical animal models and more recently in a clinical trial in prostate cancer patients. The biological role played in tumor growth is presently unknown. In this report we have characterized the contribution of PSCA expression to tumor growth. Methods: A bladder cell line was engineered to express a doxycycline (dox) regulated shRNA against PSCA. To shed light on the PSCA biological role in tumor growth, microarray analysis was carried out as a function of PSCA expression. Expression of gene set of interest was further analyzed by qPCR Results: Down regulation of the PSCA expression was associated with reduced cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Mice bearing subcutaneous tumors showed a reduced tumor growth upon treatment with dox, which effectively induced shRNA against PSCA as revealed by GFP expression. Pathway analysis of deregulated genes suggests a statistical significant association between PSCA downregulation and activation of genes downstream of the IFN alpha/beta receptor. Conclusions: These experiments established for the first time a correlation between the level of PSCA expression and tumor growth and suggest a role of PSCA in counteracting the natural immune response

Identification de mécanismes de régulation des fonctions des interférons: Rôle de la palmitoylation du récepteur de l'interféron de type I

Type I interferons (IFNs) play key roles in mediating innate and acquired immune responses, in host defense against viral infections, and exhibit antiproliferative and tumoricidal activity. Through the binding to their shared cell surface receptor, composed of the two subunits IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, they induce the JAK/STAT signaling cascade, thus leading to their biological effects. The goal of my thesis was to identify regulatory mechanisms of IFNs signaling. In this context, we analyzed the role of protein palmitoylation, a lipid modification which is known to be involved in trafficking and signaling of proteins. We found that pharmacological inhibition of palmitoylation results in severe defects of IFN receptor endocytosis and signaling. We generated mutants of IFNAR1 where each or both of the two cysteines present in the cytoplasmic domain were replaced by alanines. We found that only Cys463, the most proximal of the two cytoplasmic cysteines, is palmitoylated. A thorough microscopic and biochemical analysis of the palmitoylation-deficient IFNAR1 mutant revealed that IFNAR1 palmitoylation is not required for receptor endocytosis, intracellular distribution, or stability at the cell surface. Nevertheless, the lack of IFNAR1 palmitoylation results in major defects in JAK/STAT signaling and gene transcription activated by IFN-a. Suprisingly, it had no effect on IFN-a antiproliferative activity, in spite of the importance of palmitoylation for signaling.Les interférons (IFNs) de type I sont des cytokines qui jouent un rôle capital dans les défenses immunes, antivirales et antiprolifératives de l'organisme. En se liant à leur récepteur de surface, composé des deux sous-unités IFNAR1 et IFNAR2, ils induisent la cascade de signalisation JAK/STAT qui aboutit à leur effets biologiques. L'objectif de ma thèse était d'identifier des mécanismes de régulation de la signalisation des IFNs. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes intéressés à la palmitoylation du récepteur de l'IFN de type I, une modification lipidique souvent impliquée dans le trafic et la signalisation des protéines. Par marquage métabolique au palmitate tritié, nous avons montré qu'IFNAR1 et IFNAR2 sont palmitoylées. Le domaine cytoplasmique d'IFNAR1 contient deux cystéines, Cys463 et Cys502, qui sont des sites potentiels de palmitoylation. A l'aide de mutants sur chacune de ces cystéines, nous avons montré qu'IFNAR1 est palmitoylée uniquement sur sa cystéine la plus proche de la membrane plasmique, la Cys463. Un mutant non palmitoylé dans lequel cette cystéine a été remplacée par une alanine nous a permis de constater que la palmitoylation d'IFNAR1 n'est pas impliquée dans son trafic intracellulaire, dans son endocytose ni dans sa stabilité, mais qu'en revanche elle joue un rôle crucial dans l'activation de la voie de signalisation JAK/STAT. De façon concordante, la palmitoylation d'IFNAR1 est requise pour l'activation transcriptionnelle des gènes induits spécifiquement par l'IFN-a. Par contre, un défaut de palmitoylation n'influence nullement l'activité antiproliférative de l'IFN-a, en dépit du rôle de cette modification dans la signalisation