Enhancing the employability of Brunel students: Assessment and evaluation of a Level 1 multidisciplinary project based teaching activity in the School of Engineering and Design

The Level 1 Multidisciplinary Project (MDP) is a weeklong project that takes place in the last week of Term 1. It involves first year undergraduate students from across the School subject areas of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Design. The project is designed to be a teaching activity that removes the barrier of academic ability by involving a non‐discipline technical element, the primary emphasis being on the development of key transferable skills and the utilisation of problem solving skills that students have begun to develop in their first term at university. Each year around 450 students take part in MDP and they are put into mixed discipline groups of 8 or 9 students tasked with designing, building and demonstrating Lego Mindstorms and BASIC Stamp micro‐controlled vehicles to tackle an obstacle course. This report presents an analysis of responses from students to an online survey set up to evaluate the MDP. The survey was created using the online ‘SurveyMonkey’ website and was made live on 30th March 2011. The survey consisted of 15 questions, including tick box style quantitative questions along with some text based qualitative questions. There was also a request for contact details to be provided, if students would be happy to be contacted for a follow‐up discussion. The aim of the survey was to obtain feedback from students in each subject area, in each academic year group that has taken part in the MDP in the School of Engineering and Design. The survey was designed to try and assess student experiences and recollections of the project activity, to evaluate how the MDP has evolved over the four years it has taken place and inform the continued development of the MDP in future academic years. Information about the survey was sent by email to all students that have participated in the MDP since it was introduced in the 2007/2008 academic year (approximately 1700 students). The emails were written by Dr David Smith who is responsible for the running of the MDP and Dr Jo Cole who is involved in the co‐ordination of the MDP, inviting students to complete the online questionnaire. This report is broken into sections, giving an overview of the survey results as a whole, before looking at key observations in the data by year and by subject area. The survey questions are given in Appendix A with summary charts of the tick box responses given in Appendix B and the raw data from all questions provided by SurveyMonkey in Appendix C. Key points raised in the follow‐up one to‐one email and phone discussions are then presented, with full transcripts of the questions and answers from these discussions given in Appendix D, along with feedback from the professional bodies that accredit the different undergraduate courses taking part in the MDP and the view of the Brunel Placement and Careers Office. A list of conclusions is then given, drawn up to reflect the aspects of the MDP that need improvement, to be used as input to the development of the MDP for the coming academic year. Collation of the survey data, follow‐up discussions with students and initial preparation of this report were conducted by Dianna Reid, with funding provided by the Brunel Academic Practice and Development Unit as part of a 2011 Learning and Teaching Innovation Fund award under project code 2LA026

Deleuze and the narrative forms of educational otherness

I pull my copy of Metrophage out of its battered pink paper folder. It is suitably badly printed, and the black and white stripes of the dysfunctional roller have left interference patterns running from the right to the left that distract the eye and make discernment of the faint courier words difficult and time consuming. I randomly separate the pages and start reading: "He stood and Nimble Virtue tossed a packet of Mad Love at his feet. It came to rest by the toe of his boot, where the water was icing up over a flaking patch of dried blood. Welding marks, like narrow scars of slag. The slaughterhouse had been grafted together from a stack of old Sea Train cargo containers. A cryogenic pump hummed at the far end of the place, like a beating heart, pushing liquid oxygen through the network of pipes that crisscrossed the walls and floor. From the ceiling, dull steel hooks held shapeless slabs of discoloured meat. Jonny looked at the slunk merchant. Kadrey (1995, part 3, p. 1)." When we read this passage, what is the tenor of the voice that we might deploy through the use of the third person narrative? In the examination of educational narrative forms, whether through qualitative research or self-evaluation exercises, one might discern many voices that could crowd oneï½s analytical frame. The problem for education is straightforward, and has been neatly summarised by Inna Semetsky (2004) when she said, ï½[A] new non-representational language of expression, exemplified in what Deleuze (1994b) called a performative or modulating aspect, is being created by means of the language structure going through the process of its own becoming-other and undergoing a series of transformations giving birth to a new, as though foreign and unfamiliar, other language,ï½ (p. 316)

N-octane diffusivity enhancement via carbon dioxide in silica slit-shaped nanopores – a molecular dynamics simulation

Equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to study the competitive adsorption and diffusion of mixtures containing n-octane and carbon dioxide confined in slit-shaped silica pores of width 1.9 nm. Atomic density profiles substantiate strong interactions between CO2 molecules and the protonated pore walls. Non-monotonic change in n-octane self-diffusion coefficients as a function of CO2 loading was observed. CO2 preferential adsorption to the pore surface is likely to attenuate the surface adsorption of n-octane, lower the activation energy for n-octane diffusivity, and consequently enhance n-octane mobility at low CO2 loading. This observation was confirmed by conducting test simulations for pure n-octane confined in narrower pores. At high CO2 loading, n-octane diffusivity is hindered by molecular crowding. Thus, n-octane diffusivity displays a maximum. In contrast, within the concentration range considered here, the self-diffusion coefficient predicted for CO2 exhibits a monotonic increase with loading, which is attributed to a combination of effects including the saturation of the adsorption capacity of the silica surface. Test simulations suggest that the results are strongly dependent on the pore morphology, and in particular on the presence of edges that can preferentially adsorb CO2 molecules and therefore affect the distribution of these molecules equally on the pore surface, which appears to be required to provide the effective enhancement of n-octane diffusivity

Factors governing the behaviour of aqueous methane in narrow pores

All-atom equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the behaviour of aqueous methane confined in 1-nm-wide pores obtained from different materials. Models for silica, alumina and magnesium oxide were used to construct the slit-shaped pores. The results show that methane solubility in confined water strongly depends on the confining material, with silica yielding the highest solubility in the systems considered here. The molecular structure of confined water differs within the three pores, and density fluctuations reveal that the silica pore is effectively less 'hydrophilic' than the other two pores considered. Comparing the water fluctuation autocorrelation function with local diffusion coefficients of methane across the hydrated pores we observed a direct proportional coupling between methane and water dynamics. These simulation results help to understand the behaviour of gas in water confined within narrow subsurface formations, with possible implications for fluid transport

CO2-C4H10 Mixtures Simulated in Silica Slit Pores: Relation between Structure and Dynamics

Equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations were conducted for pure n-butane and for mixtures containing n-butane and carbon dioxide confined in 2 nm wide slit-shaped pores carved out of cristobalite silica. A range of thermodynamic conditions was explored, including temperatures ranging from subcritical to supercritical, and various densities. Preferential adsorption of carbon dioxide near the -OH groups on the surface was observed, where the adsorbed CO2 molecules tend to interact simultaneously with more than one -OH group. Analysis of the simulation results suggests that the preferential CO2 adsorption to the pore walls weakens the adsorption of n-butane, lowers the activation energy for n-butane diffusivity, and consequently enhances n-butane mobility. The diffusion results obtained for pure CO2 are consistent with strong adsorption on the pore walls, as the CO2 self-diffusion coefficient is low at low densities, increases with loading, and exhibits a maximum as the density is increased further because of hindrance effects. As the temperature increases, the maximum in self-diffusion coefficient is narrower, steeper, and shifted to lower loading. The simulation results are also quantified in terms of molecular density profiles for both butane and CO2 and in terms of residence time of the various molecules near the solid substrate. Our results could be useful for designing separation devices and also for better understanding the behavior of fluids in subsurface environments

Laser-wakefield accelerators as hard x-ray sources for 3D medical imaging of human bone

A bright μm-sized source of hard synchrotron x-rays (critical energy Ecrit > 30 keV) based on the betatron oscillations of laser wakefield accelerated electrons has been developed. The potential of this source for medical imaging was demonstrated by performing micro-computed tomography of a human femoral trabecular bone sample, allowing full 3D reconstruction to a resolution below 50 μm. The use of a 1 cm long wakefield accelerator means that the length of the beamline (excluding the laser) is dominated by the x-ray imaging distances rather than the electron acceleration distances. The source possesses high peak brightness, which allows each image to be recorded with a single exposure and reduces the time required for a full tomographic scan. These properties make this an interesting laboratory source for many tomographic imaging applications

Confinement Effects on Carbon Dioxide Methanation: A Novel Mechanism for Abiotic Methane Formation

An important scientific debate focuses on the possibility of abiotic synthesis of hydrocarbons during oceanic crust-seawater interactions. While on-site measurements near hydrothermal vents support this possibility, laboratory studies have provided data that are in some cases contradictory. At conditions relevant for sub-surface environments it has been shown that classic thermodynamics favour the production of CO2 from CH4, while abiotic methane synthesis would require the opposite. However, confinement effects are known to alter reaction equilibria. This report shows that indeed thermodynamic equilibrium can be shifted towards methane production, suggesting that thermal hydrocarbon synthesis near hydrothermal vents and deeper in the magma-hydrothermal system is possible. We report reactive ensemble Monte Carlo simulations for the CO2 methanation reaction. We compare the predicted equilibrium composition in the bulk gaseous phase to that expected in the presence of confinement. In the bulk phase we obtain excellent agreement with classic thermodynamic expectations. When the reactants can exchange between bulk and a confined phase our results show strong dependency of the reaction equilibrium conversions, [Formula: see text], on nanopore size, nanopore chemistry, and nanopore morphology. Some physical conditions that could shift significantly the equilibrium composition of the reactive system with respect to bulk observations are discussed

Spontaneous and deliberate future thinking: A dual process account

© 2019 Springer Nature.This is the final published version of an article published in Psychological Research, licensed under a Creative Commons Attri-bution 4.0 International License. Available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01262-7.In this article, we address an apparent paradox in the literature on mental time travel and mind-wandering: How is it possible that future thinking is both constructive, yet often experienced as occurring spontaneously? We identify and describe two ‘routes’ whereby episodic future thoughts are brought to consciousness, with each of the ‘routes’ being associated with separable cognitive processes and functions. Voluntary future thinking relies on controlled, deliberate and slow cognitive processing. The other, termed involuntary or spontaneous future thinking, relies on automatic processes that allows ‘fully-fledged’ episodic future thoughts to freely come to mind, often triggered by internal or external cues. To unravel the paradox, we propose that the majority of spontaneous future thoughts are ‘pre-made’ (i.e., each spontaneous future thought is a re-iteration of a previously constructed future event), and therefore based on simple, well-understood, memory processes. We also propose that the pre-made hypothesis explains why spontaneous future thoughts occur rapidly, are similar to involuntary memories, and predominantly about upcoming tasks and goals. We also raise the possibility that spontaneous future thinking is the default mode of imagining the future. This dual process approach complements and extends standard theoretical approaches that emphasise constructive simulation, and outlines novel opportunities for researchers examining voluntary and spontaneous forms of future thinking.Peer reviewe