A heterogeneous-agent model with district-level constraints: an application to livestock development in Gansu, China

This paper develops a heterogeneous-agent model to assess the impacts of removing lucerne growing subsidies, increasing livestock numbers and including district-level equilibrium conditions on optimal farm plans in the Qingyang district of Gansu Province, China. The model is a five-year dynamic linear program that solves across 96 farm households whilst incorporating district-level constraints. The approach used allows us to observe seasonal variations in incomes, infer the distribution of a policy shock among households and highlight trade patterns at the district level. The results suggest that without lucerne growing subsidies the total area of lucerne grown by all modelled households falls by 18%. Increasing livestock numbers by 25% reduces net household incomes by 17% as changes to labour allocations reduce off-farm employment opportunities. When external trade in forages is included in the model, total livestock numbers held by all 96 households rise from 502 to 838, this highlights the benefits of integrated feed markets. Shadow prices for crop production rise when livestock numbers increase, implying that benefits exist to improving crop yields.Heterogeneous-agent model, district-level constraints, livestock, China., Farm Management,

The Integration of Rural Households into Ruminant Livestock Industries in China

A major determinant of rural development in China is the way by which rural households integrate with rural industries. Three forms of integration market integration, vertical integration and integration through local groups are investigated. Policy measures that may facilitate household integration, household specialisation and market segmentation are identified. Findings for the ruminant livestock sector are widely applicable to other agricultural industries in China.China, rural development, livestock, markets, vertical integration, Livestock Production/Industries, Q13, Q18, L1,

Five minutes with Colin Crouch: “We have to move onwards to a more substantive European democracy, which means stopping striking postures about a national sovereignty that does not exist”

Are we witnessing a transition toward a post-democratic society? In an interview with EUROPP’s editor Stuart Brown, Colin Crouch discusses democracy within the EU, the use of direct democracy in states like the UK, and the role of non-political actors in strengthening pluralism and civil society through avenues such as social media

Case study beef industry in China

"The beef industry provides a window on food safety issues in China's rapidly developing economy. This industry provides particularly useful insights because the government has targeted it for development and because it is dominated by household slaughtering and wet markets, making food safety concerns pervasive. " from TextFood safety ,food security ,Public health ,

Improving the Economic Decision-Making Capability and Viability of Chinese Wool Textile Mills

The successful restructuring of Chinese industries is of immense importance not only for the continued development of China but also to the stability of the world economy. The transformation of the Chinese wool textile industry illustrates well the many problems and pressures currently facing most Chinese industries. The Chinese wool textile industry has undergone major upheaval and restructuring in its drive to modernize and take advantage of developments in world textile markets. Macro level ownership and administrative reforms are well advanced as is the uptake of new technology and equipment. However, the changing market and institutional environment also demands an increasing level of sophistication in mill management decisions including product selection, input procurement, product pricing, investment appraisal, cost analysis and proactive identification of new market and growth opportunities. This paper outlines a series of analyses that have been integrated into a decision-making model designed to assist mill managers with these decisions. Features of the model include a whole-of-mill approach, a design based on existing mill structures and information systems, and the capacity for the model to be tailored to individual mills. All of these features facilitate the adoption of the model by time and resource constrained managers seeking to maintain the viability of their enterprises in the face of extremely dynamic market conditions.China, wool textile mills, industry transition, decision-making models, Agribusiness, Livestock Production/Industries,

Building economic decision-making capabilities of Chinese wool textile mills

Agribusiness,

Effect of Statins on Functional Expression of Membrane Transporters in L6 Rat Skeletal Muscle Cells

Statins reduce LDL-cholesterol and the risk of atherosclerosis. They are generally safe, although statin-induced myopathy is relatively common. Membrane transporters play a crucial role in determining statin side effects. Little is known regarding the interaction of drug transporters in muscle cells with statins. Study aims: The present study aimed to determine the effect of statins on functional expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) in L6 rat skeletal myotube cells. Methods: Relative gene expression at mRNA level was confirmed by RT2 ProfilerTM Rat Drug Transporter PCR array. The uptake of 3H-labelled DL-lactate (1 μCi/ml) was measured to functionally expressed MCT function. The inhibition of [3H]-DL-lactate uptake was assessed in the presence or absence of statins and compared to that of the MCT inhibitors, phloretin and CHC. Transporter-mediated dye efflux was used as functional assay for the MRP efflux transporters. Results: In L6 rat skeletal myotubes, relatively high mRNA expression level was observed for Mct1and Mrp1for uptake and efflux transporters, respectively. The [3H]-DL-lactate uptake was shown to be a concentration-, pH-dependent and Na+-independent manner with Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) value of 16.17 ± 2.4 mM vs 15.63 ± 3.0 mM in the presence and absence of Na+, respectively. The maximum velocity of substrate binding (Vmax) of the DL-lactate uptake inhibition by lipophilic statins; simvastatin and atorvastatin, were in the same order as phloretin and CHC, while no significant inhibitory magnitude with hydrophilic statins; pravastatin and rosuvastatin. However, the L6 rat skeletal myotubes did not exhibit lactate efflux function. Among four of statins used, only simvastatin showed an affinity inhibition of MRP function in L6 cells. Conclusions: This study has shown that lipophilic statins significantly inhibit functional expression of MCTs, even though they have not shown relatively high inhibition impact on MRPs

A first--order irreversible thermodynamic approach to a simple energy converter

Several authors have shown that dissipative thermal cycle models based on Finite-Time Thermodynamics exhibit loop-shaped curves of power output versus efficiency, such as it occurs with actual dissipative thermal engines. Within the context of First-Order Irreversible Thermodynamics (FOIT), in this work we show that for an energy converter consisting of two coupled fluxes it is also possible to find loop-shaped curves of both power output and the so-called ecological function against efficiency. In a previous work Stucki [J.W. Stucki, Eur. J. Biochem. vol. 109, 269 (1980)] used a FOIT-approach to describe the modes of thermodynamic performance of oxidative phosphorylation involved in ATP-synthesis within mithochondrias. In that work the author did not use the mentioned loop-shaped curves and he proposed that oxidative phosphorylation operates in a steady state simultaneously at minimum entropy production and maximum efficiency, by means of a conductance matching condition between extreme states of zero and infinite conductances respectively. In the present work we show that all Stucki's results about the oxidative phosphorylation energetics can be obtained without the so-called conductance matching condition. On the other hand, we also show that the minimum entropy production state implies both null power output and efficiency and therefore this state is not fulfilled by the oxidative phosphorylation performance. Our results suggest that actual efficiency values of oxidative phosphorylation performance are better described by a mode of operation consisting in the simultaneous maximization of the so-called ecological function and the efficiency.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

py4DSTEM: a software package for multimodal analysis of four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy datasets

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) allows for imaging, diffraction, and spectroscopy of materials on length scales ranging from microns to atoms. By using a high-speed, direct electron detector, it is now possible to record a full 2D image of the diffracted electron beam at each probe position, typically a 2D grid of probe positions. These 4D-STEM datasets are rich in information, including signatures of the local structure, orientation, deformation, electromagnetic fields and other sample-dependent properties. However, extracting this information requires complex analysis pipelines, from data wrangling to calibration to analysis to visualization, all while maintaining robustness against imaging distortions and artifacts. In this paper, we present py4DSTEM, an analysis toolkit for measuring material properties from 4D-STEM datasets, written in the Python language and released with an open source license. We describe the algorithmic steps for dataset calibration and various 4D-STEM property measurements in detail, and present results from several experimental datasets. We have also implemented a simple and universal file format appropriate for electron microscopy data in py4DSTEM, which uses the open source HDF5 standard. We hope this tool will benefit the research community, helps to move the developing standards for data and computational methods in electron microscopy, and invite the community to contribute to this ongoing, fully open-source project