Hydroxytyrosol, an ingredient of olive oil, reduces triglyceride accumulation and promotes lipolysis in human primary visceral adipocytes during differentiation

Hydroxytyrosol has various pharmacological properties, including anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory activities, preventing hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. The present study is focused on the anti-adipogenic and lipolytic activity of hydroxytyrosol on primary human visceral adipocytes. Pre-adipocytes were analyzed after 10 (P10) and 20 (P20) days of treatment during differentiation and after 7 (A7) days of treatment when they reached mature shape. The treatment with hydroxytyrosol extract significantly (P\u2009<\u20090.001) increased apoptosis in P10 and P20 cells in comparison to control and A7 cells; significantly (P\u2009<\u20090.001) reduced triglyceride accumulation in P20 cells compared to P10 and control cells; and significantly (P\u2009<\u20090.001) increased lipolysis in P20 cells in comparison to control cells and A7 mature adipocytes. Hydroxytyrosol-treated P20 cells significantly (P\u2009<\u20090.05) increased expression of genes involved in inhibition of adipogenesis, such as GATA2, GATA3, WNT3A, SFRP5, HES1, and SIRT1. In contrast, genes involved in promoting adipogenesis such as LEP, FGF1, CCND1, and SREBF1 were significantly down-regulated by hydroxytyrosol treatment. These data suggest that hydroxytyrosol promotes lipolysis and apoptotic activity in primary human visceral pre-adipocytes during differentiation and does not affect already mature adipocytes. \ua9 2016 by the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine

Different anti-adipogenic effects of bio-compounds on primary visceral pre-adipocytes and adipocytes.

Several natural compounds exhibit strong capacity for decreasing triglyceride accumulation, enhancing lipolysis and inducing apoptosis. The present study reports the anti-adipogenic effects of Silybum marianum (SL), Citrus aurantium (CA), Taraxacum officinale (TO), resveratrol (RE), Curcuma longa (CU), caffeine (CF), oleuropein (OL) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in reducing differentiation and increasing lipolysis and apoptosis. Analyses were performed on human primary visceral pre-adipocytes after 10 (P10) and 20 (P20) days of treatment during differentiation and on mature adipocytes after 7 days of treatment (A7). The percentage of apoptosis induced by TO extract in P10 and P20 cells was significantly higher than that induced by all other compounds and in CTRL cells. Triglyceride accumulation was significantly lower in cells treated with DHA, CF, RE in comparison to cells treated with OL and in CTRL cells. Treatments with CF, DHA and OL significantly incremented lipolysis in P20 cells in comparison to other compounds and in CTRL cells. On the contrary, the treatment of A7 cells with OL, CA and TO compounds significantly increased cell lipolysis. The addition of CF in differentiating P20 pre-adipocytes significantly increased the expression of genes involved in inhibition of adipogenesis, such as GATA2, GATA3, WNT1, WNT3A, SFRP5, and DLK1. Genes involved in promoting adipogenesis such as CCND1, CEBPB and SREBF1 were significantly down-regulated by the treatment. The screening of bioactive compounds for anti-adipogenic effects showed that in differentiating cells TO extract was the most effective in inducing apoptosis and CF and DHA extracts were more efficient in inhibition of differentiation and in induction of cell lipolysis

Expression of NGF, BDNF and their receptors in subcutaneous adipose tissue of lactating cows

Currently, there are no reports of neurotrophins in adipose tissue of cows. The distribution of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and their high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptors TrkA and TrkB, was investigated by immunohistochemical method in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of cow at mid-lactation. Results revealed the localization of NGF and BDNF along the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of adipocytes. Neurotrophin receptors TrkA and TrkB showedmoderate and strong positive staining in adipocytes, respectively. The expression of NGF, BDNF, TRKB \u2014 but not of TRKA \u2014 was also confirmed at transcriptional level by RT-PCR analyses. Considering the involvement of BDNF on fat metabolism and of NGF on activation of the sympathetic response in human and rodents, these neurotrophins could be related to lipogenesis and lipolysis occurring during lactation in cows. The local production of these neurotrophins supports their potential paracrine function for the regulation of adipocyte activity and deserve further investigations

Sweeping-jet active flow control actuation effects on boundary layer separation on airfoil at ultralow Reynolds

Airfoils incur large drag penalty and a drop of lift production when operated at high angles of attack. Active flow control has a potential for improving the aerodynamic efficiency of airfoils at off-design operating conditions. Several simulations with Nektar++ CFD have been performed with intent to show the ability of sweeping jet active flow control method to improve performances of an airfoil at low Reynolds conditions. A sweeping jet is an output of a fluidic oscillator with no mobile parts which is able to make the fluid that goes through it to oscillate at its nozzle in a very stable way. This device has been previously successfully tested on airfoils with a deflected flap, with the intention of attach the boundary layer until the trailing edge. In this study, single sweeping jet on a 2D NACA0012 airfoil has been mathematically parameterized, with multiple degrees of freedom whose effect on the solution has been studied. In order to do so, a structured mesh containing the airfoil has been firstly studied and then modified with the aim of placing the jet on the airfoil&#8217;s upper surface. Baseline calculations show that at Re=1000 and with an angle of attack of 9o, the boundary layer detaches at 35% of the chord approximately. This study focuses on the effects on the boundary layer of the parameters of the sweeping-jet: the position, momentum coefficient, oscillation amplitude, frequency and opening angle have been modified. The sweeping jet has been studied in two configurations: the first one pointing normal to the airfoil&#8217;s upper surface and oscillating in the XY plane, and the second one near tangential to the upper surface of the airfoil, that is, the jet&#8217;s principal direction is almost the stream-wise direction. It oscillates on z-axis, but due to the fact that most experiments have been carried out in 2D, the frequency behaviour will be simulated represented by making the output velocity oscillate on its magnitude. The tangential configuration has been found to give the sweeping jet the authority to control flow by reattaching the boundary layer and significantly increase the lift coefficient of the airfoil. Also, it has been found a strong relationship between the jet&#8217;s position over the upper surface of the airfoil and the trajectory of the fluid, which is determinant on the aerodynamic characteristics of a wing. Finally, a quasi-3D study has been carried out, due to the importance found on previous studies of the span-wise distance between two consecutive jets on a finite wing. Taking advantage of the homogeneity of the z direction in this experiment, in order to analyze the stability to span-wise-dependent perturbations a unimodal Fourier expansion of varying wave-number has been used in the span-wise direction, which reduces the computational cost significantly. Also, this has allowed the authors to study the stability of the system depending on the span dimension.Els perfils alars pateixen un greu augment d’arrosegament i pèrdua de sustentació quan operen a grans angles d’atac. El control actiu t é un gran potencial de millorar l’efici ència aerodinàmica als perfils ’off-design’ que operen aquestes condicions.En aquest estudi s’- han dut a terme m´ ultiples simulacions mitjanc¸ant el software CFD Nektar++ per a demostrar l’habilitat que t é el sweeping jet per millorar les condicions a un Reynolds baix. El sweeping jet és un possible output d’un oscil lador fluídic sense parts m` obils que és capac¸ d’aconseguir que el fluid que passa através d’ell oscil li a la tovera d’una manera estable. Aquest dispositiu ja ha estat provat pr èvia i reeixidament en perfils amb fald ó (Flaps), amb la clara intenci ó de sostenir el fluxe fins a la vora final d’aquest (trailing edge). En aquest estudi, un únic jet en un perfil 2D NACA0012 s’ha parametritzat, amb certes variables com a graus de llibertat per tal d’estudiar-ne el seu efecte. En primer lloc s’ha treballat una malla estructurada la qual s’ha reestructurat posteriorment amb l’objectiu d’incloure el jet sobre del perfil. Les simulacions demostren com amb el perfil cru sense jet, a Re=1000 i un angle d’atac a 9o, la capa límit es desprén al 35% de la corda aproximadament. Els principals paràmetres modificats i testejats del jet han estat: la posici ´ o, el coeficient de moment, l’amplitud d’oscil laci ´ o, la freq ¨uència i l’angle d’apertura de la sortida del jet. El sweeping jet s’ha estudiat en dues configuracions: la primera apuntant perpendicular a l’extradós i oscil lant al pl à XY, i la segona quasi-tangencialment a l’extradós, és a dir, que la seva direcci ó principal és similar a la direcci ó stream-wise. En base a aquests resultats, hem obtingut que el jet tangencial permet tenir un control sobre el fluxe fent-lo reenganxarse un altre cop al perfil i augmentant significativament la sustentaci´ o. També s’ha trobat una forta relaci ó entre la posici ó del jet sobre el perfil amb la traject ` oria del fluid, el qualés determinant per a les característiques aerodinàmiques del perfil alar. Finalment, s’ha dut a terme un estudi en quasi-3D degut a l’import ància trobada en altres articles amb respecte a la dist ància d’amplada entre dos jets consecutius en un ala finita. Aprofitant la homogeneitat en la direcci ó Z del nostre estudi, s’ha utilitzat una expansió de Fourier unimodal de nombre d’ona variable en la direcci ó span-wise per tal d’estudiar l’evoluci ó dels paràmetres en direcci ó Z, el qual fa reduir el temps d’obtenci ó de resultats. Aix` o, a més, ha possibilitat als autors la capacitat d’estudi d’estabilitat de l’ala en funci ó de la seva amplada

Nutrigenomic activity of plant derived compounds in health and disease: Results of a dietary intervention study in dog

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary administrations of four nutraceuticals in dogs. Seventy four dogswere enrolled in the trials, 24 healthy dogs were fedwith a control diet (CT) and the experimental groups received for 60 days the same diet supplemented with nutraceuticals, namely Echinacea angustifolia (EA, 0.10 mg/kg live weight as echinacoside; 14 dogs), Vaccinium myrtillus (VM, 0.20 mg/kg live weight as anthocyanidin, 13 dogs), Curcuma longa (CL, 6.60 mg/kg live weight as curcumin, 18 dogs with arthrosis), and Sylibum marianum (SM, 1.5 mg/kg live weight as sylibin, 8 dogs with hepatopathy). Dogs were weighted at the beginning of study and blood samples were collected at the beginning (T0) and at the end (T60) of the study. VM significantly down regulated TNF, CXCL8, NFKB1 and PTGS2 and decreased plasma ceruloplasmin (CuCp). The activity of EA was evidenced by the significant decrease of TNF and NFKB1 expression and CuCp levels and by the increase of plasma Zn. Administration of CL caused a significant decrease of CuCp and increase of Zn and a down regulation of TNF, CXCL8, NFKB1 and PTGS2, corroborating the anti-inflammatory action of curcuminoids. After 60 days of treatmentwith SM, plasma ALT/GPT activitywas reduced and paraoxonase was increased, supporting the antioxidant activity of silymarin, also confirmed by the significant up regulation of SOD2. Results indicated that nutraceutical administrations in dogs can be an interesting approach to modulate immune response in order to improve health condition of animals

Expression of selected genes related to energy mobilization and insulin resistance in dairy cows

The physiological and metabolic adaptation characterizing the transition period in the dairy cows is developed by a complex modulation of different metabolic pathways as well as the expression of selected tissue-specific gene. The aim of this study was to evaluate the age effect on expression of selected genes in adipose, hepatic and muscle tissues in dairy cows during their dry period using the quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Twenty-two pluriparous dairy cows were divided into 3 groups in relation to the age: Group A (38 \uc2\ub1 2 months); Group B (52 \uc2\ub1 2 months) and Group C (80 \uc2\ub1 8 months). Lower levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and higher levels of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) were found in adipose tissue in Group C than Groups A and B (P < 0.05). Higher levels of solute carrier family 2/facilitated glucose transporter member 4 (SLC2A4) were found in muscle in Group C than Group A (P < 0.001) and Group B (P < 0.05). The present study showed in dairy cows that the expression of selected genes associated with mobilization of energy and with insulin resistance are influenced by age demonstrating and highlighting the importance of a genomics approach to assess the metabolic status of dairy cows during the transition period

The Evolution of mammary glands at different stages in Sarda dairy ewes: preliminary results

The significance of cytological evolution of alveolar cells explains differences in milk yield that resulted in a different shape of lactation curve. In this paper, investigation of cellular background for this pattern was studied morphometrically in mammary gland of dairy ewes prior to lambing to involution. The ratio of epithelial to the luminal area was greatest at 7 days from lambing, it diminished on day 30 and 60 of lactation and it increased thereafter on day 150 of lactation and on day 7 of involution. The evolution of mammary tissues shows a clear decrease in stromal mass from prepartum until 60 DIM. Structural changes of mammary tissues during late pregnancy, lactation and dry off, can be used as a basis to estimate the evolution of the number of secretory cells in dairy ewes

Expression of Putative Stem Cell Markers Related to Developmental Stage of Sheep Mammary Glands

It is thought that the regenerative capacity of the mammary gland following post-lactation involution resides in multipotent stem cells within the luminal tissue. Adult stem cells make up a small percentage of the cells found in mature organ systems, however to define useful markers has long been a challenge. c-Kit (KIT) and its ligand stem cell factor (KITLG), ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2) and Musashi 1 (MSI1) are good candidate to identify progenitor cells in their niche. Using real-time PCR we showed that KIT, KITLG and MSI1 expressions were up regulated before lambing and at involution relatively to prepubertal stage. The in situ hybridization analysis for KIT gene confirmed and localized the expression in luminal epithelial cells. The changes in the expression profile of putative stem cell markers in mammary glands of sheep suggest that they modify with the progression of lactation cycle, being up regulated during differentiation and down regulated during lactation