Patrones de segmentación del consumo de productos lácteos en España, 1958-2006

This article reconstructs the evolution of disparities in the consumption of dairy products in Spain from the late 1950s to the early twentyfirst century. At the start of the period, there were strong regional disparities, as well as a clear pattern of social hierarchization in the consumption of milk and milk derivatives. These gaps were (totally or substantially) narrowed during the phase of great expansion in consumption that took place until the 1980s. From then on, a new regime of consumption began to take shape and its segmentation pattern consisted mainly of a social re-hierarchization in the consumption of the newest and most dynamic products (refrigerated derivatives) and a significant generational factor in the contraction of milk consumption.Este artículo reconstruye la evolución de las disparidades en el consumo de productos lácteos en España entre finales de la década de 1950 y comienzos del siglo XXI. En los inicios del periodo, había disparidades acentuadas entre unas regiones y otras, así como una clara jerarquización social en el consumo de la leche y sus derivados. Estas brechas fueron cerrándose (total o sustancialmente) durante la fase de gran expansión en el consumo vivida hasta aproximadamente la década de 1980. A partir de entonces fue tomando forma un nuevo régimen de consumo cuyo patrón de segmentación se caracterizó principalmente por una rejerarquización social del consumo de los productos más novedosos y dinámicos (derivados refrigerados) y la presencia de un importante componente generacional en el retroceso experimentado por el consumo de leche

El declive demográfico de la montaña española, 1860-1991: revisión crítica de propuestas teóricas

El objetivo del artículo es proponer un enfoque de economía política evolutiva para analizar el declive demográfico experimentado por la montaña española durante el periodo 1860-1991. Este enfoque considera que la despoblación de los territorios debe ser entendida como elemento de un proceso más general de periferización que forma parte a su vez del proceso de evolución del sistema económico. Para justificar la necesidad de este nuevo enfoque, y después de presentar evidencia empírica del mencionado declive demográfico, se realiza una revisión crítica de otras alternativas teóricas, como el enfoque maltusiano, los modelos neoclásicos, la interpretación atracción-expulsión o el análisis marxista.This article puts forward an evolutionary political economic approach to the analysis or the demographic decline experienced by Spanish highlands during the 1860-1991 period. According to this approach, depopulation must be understood as part of a more general peripheralization process, which is also part of the evolution process of the economic system. In order to justify the need for this new approach, and after presenting empirical evidence on the aforementioned demographic decline, a critical review is undertaken of alternative theoretical approaches, such as the Malthusian approach, the neoclassical models, the pull-push interpretation or the Marxist analysis

El consumo de productos lácteos en España, 1950-2010

This paper, a case study of the great transformations undergone by food consumption patterns in Spain since c. 1950, reconstructs the evolution of the consumption of milk and milk derivatives. The paper homogenizes and triangulates the information given by several statistical sources, which use different methodologies and cover different periods. This information is combined with qualitative material. Milk consumption grew rapidly during the first half of the period and, after a phase of stagnation, started to decrease in the last years of the twentieth century. On the contrary, the consumption of (an increasing variety of) milk derivatives grew steadily throughout the whole of the period. The contrast between the respective trajectories of milk and its derivatives underlines the relevant role played by the elaboration and diversification of foodstuffs in the shaping of consumption patterns.El trabajo, un estudio de caso sobre las grandes transformaciones experimentadas por la alimentación española durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX y comienzos del XXI, reconstruye la evolución del consumo de leche y derivados lácteos. El trabajo homogeneiza y coteja las informaciones ofrecidas por las diversas fuentes estadísticas que, con distintas metodologías, cubren diferentes partes del periodo, y las combina con elementos cualitativos. El consumo de leche creció con rapidez durante la primera mitad del periodo y, tras una fase de estancamiento, comenzó a caer a finales del siglo XX. El consumo de derivados lácteos, por el contrario, creció persistentemente a lo largo de todo el periodo, apoyado sobre una variedad creciente de productos. El contraste entre las respectivas evoluciones de la leche y sus derivados subraya el importante papel desempeñado por la transformación y diversificación de los alimentos en la evolución del consumo

Effects of DUT mismatch on the noise figure characterization: A comparative analysis of two Y-factor techniques

Device mismatch seriously degrades accuracy in noise figure characterization. The suitability of corrections to the gain definitions for a more precise noise figure evaluation for mismatched devices is investigated and compared to classical techniques. The effects of device mismatch on the noise figure of the noise-meter receiver and its impact on the final accuracy are analyzed

From Locational Fundamentals to Increasing Returns: The Spatial Concentration of Population in Spain, 1787-2000

Does population follow the same inverted-U pattern of concentration/dispersion that has been found in the case of economic activity in the long run? In this paper we present the evidence for eight European countries during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and find that, contrary to the inverted-U hypothesis, population has shown a steady, long-run trend towards concentration. After that, we estimate population density and population growth equations for the case of one of these countries, Spain from 1787 to 2000. Our results suggest that locational fundamentals (such as natural endowments) explain the distribution of population before industrialization and that industrialization reinforced the pre-existing regional population disparities, especially as the share of increasing-returns sectors in the Spanish economy became significant (that is, mainly during the twentieth century).economic geography, population history, locational fundamentals, increasing returns