La anulación de laudos por arbitrariedad: la desvirtuación del arbitraje comercial

Este trabajo propone una crítica a la doctrina revisionista iniciada por la Sentencia de 28 de enero de 2015 del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Madrid, en la que se declaró la nulidad del laudo arbitral por vulnerar el orden público económico y por insuficiencia de motivación (arbitrariedad). Se argumenta que la anulación de un laudo no puede basarse en una supuesta falta de motivación del mismo, pues eso sólo conduciría a la desvirtuación de la finalidad misma del arbitraje, que es la exclusión de la jurisdicción ordinaria que emana de la voluntad de las partes. En primer lugar, porque la motivación de un laudo no tiene cabida en la noción de orden público. En segundo lugar, porque el canon de arbitrariedad no es aplicable a los laudos arbitrales, en tanto que el laudo arbitral no es equiparable a la sentencia judicial, principalmente porque el arbitraje se asienta en el artículo 10 de la Constitución Española de 1978 (autonomía de la voluntad) y no en su artículo 24 (tutela judicial efectiva). En ese marco, se discute la necesidad de que se aplique un estándar de motivación propio de los laudos arbitrales, que tenga en cuenta su naturaleza, así como su anclaje en la Constitución. Para contribuir al debate sobre este asunto, este trabajo propone una aproximación a cómo debería ser dicho estándar, inspirándose en el criterio de los comités de anulación bajo el Convenio del CIADI y recuperando la anterior regla de los tribunales españoles que, si bien incompleta, iba en total consonancia con la línea decisoria de estos comités.Aquest treball proposa una crítica a la doctrina revisionista iniciada per la Sentència de 28 de gener de 2015 del Tribunal Superior de Justícia de Madrid, en la qual es va declarar la nul·litat del laude arbitral per vulnerar l'ordre públic econòmic i per insuficiència de motivació (arbitrarietat). S'argumenta que l'anul·lació d'un laude no pot basar-se en una suposada falta de motivació d'aquest, perquè això només conduiria a la desvirtuació de la finalitat mateixa de l'arbitratge, que és l'exclusió de la jurisdicció ordinària que emana de la voluntat de les parts. En primer lloc, perquè la motivació d'un laude no té cabuda en la noció d'ordre públic. En segon lloc, perquè el cànon d'arbitrarietat no és aplicable als laudes arbitrals, en tant que el laude arbitral no és equiparable a la sentència judicial, principalment perquè l'arbitratge s'assenteix en l'article 10 de la Constitució Espanyola de 1978 (autonomia de la voluntat) i no en el seu article 24 (tutela judicial efectiva). En aquest marc, es discuteix la necessitat que s'apliqui un estàndard de motivació propi dels laudes arbitrals, que tingui en compte la seva naturalesa, així com el seu ancoratge en la Constitució. Per a contribuir al debat sobre aquest assumpte, aquest treball proposa una aproximació a com hauria de ser aquest estàndard, inspirant-se en el criteri dels comitès d'anul·lació sota el Conveni del CIADI i recuperant l'anterior regla dels tribunals espanyols que, si bé incompleta, anava en total consonància amb la línia decisòria d'aquests comitès.This work proposes a critique of the revisionist doctrine initiated by the Judgment of January 28, 2015 of the Superior Court of Justice of Madrid, in which the nullity of the arbitration award was declared for violating the economic public order and for insufficient motivation (arbitrariness ). It is argued that the annulment of an award cannot be based on an alleged lack of motivation, since that would only lead to the distortion of the purpose of the arbitration itself, which is the exclusion of the ordinary jurisdiction emanating from the will of the parties . In the first place, because the motivation of an award has no place in the notion of public order. Second, because the arbitration fee is not applicable to arbitration awards, while the arbitration award is not comparable to the judicial decision, mainly because arbitration is based on article 10 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 (autonomy of the will) and not in its article 24 (effective judicial protection). In this context, the need to apply a standard of motivation of arbitration awards, which takes into account their nature, as well as their anchorage in the Constitution is discussed. To contribute to the debate on this issue, this paper proposes an approximation of how that standard should be, drawing on the criteria of the cancellation committees under the ICSID Convention and recovering the previous rule of the Spanish courts that, although incomplete, was going in line with the decision line of these committees

Web didáctica para la aproximación de funciones mediante redes neuronales

In this article we presents a project [1] developed to demonstrate the capability that Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLP) have to approximate non-linear functions [2]. The simulation has been implemented in Java to be used in all the computers by Internet [3], with a simple operation and pleasant interface. The power of the simulations is in the possibility of the user of seeing the evolutions of the approaches, the contribution of each neuron, the control of the different parameters, etc. In addition, to guide the user during the simulation, an online help has been implemented

Risk Acceptance in Multiple Sclerosis Patients on Natalizumab Treatment

Objective: We aimed to investigate the ability of natalizumab (NTZ)-treated patients to assume treatment-associated risks and the factors involved in such risk acceptance.Methods: From a total of 185 patients, 114 patients on NTZ as of July 2011 carried out a comprehensive survey. We obtained disease severity perception scores, personality traits' scores, and risk-acceptance scores (RAS) so that higher RAS indicated higher risk acceptance. We recorded JC virus status (JCV+/-), prior immunosuppression, NTZ treatment duration, and clinical characteristics. NTZ patients were split into subgroups (A-E), depending on their individual PML risk. Some 22 MS patients on first-line drugs (DMD) acted as controls.Results: No differences between treatment groups were observed in disease severity perception and personality traits. RAS were higher in NTZ than in DMD patients (p<0.01). Perception of the own disease as a more severe condition tended to predict higher RAS (p=0.07). Higher neuroticism scores predicted higher RAS in the NTZ group as a whole (p=0.04), and in high PML-risk subgroups (A-B) (p=0.02). in low PML-risk subgroups (C-E), higher RAS were associated with a JCV+ status (p=0.01). Neither disability scores nor pre-treatment relapse rate predicted RAS in either group.Conclusions: Risk acceptance is a multifactorial phenomenon, which might be partly explained by an adaptive process, in light of the higher risk acceptance amongst NTZ-treated patients and, especially, amongst those who are JCV seropositive but still have low PML risk, but which seems also intimately related to personality traits.Bayer Health CareMerck SeronoTEVAVall dHebron Univ Hosp, Dept Neurol Neuroimmunol, Multiple Sclerosis Ctr Catalonia Cemcat, Barcelona, SpainUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Neurol & Neurosurg, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Hosp Principe de Asturias, Dept Neurol, Madrid, SpainUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Neurol & Neurosurg, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Peripheral blood biomarkers in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis is the most common autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system. The heteroge-neity of pathophysiological processes in MS contributes to the highly variable course of the disease and unpre-dictable response to therapies. The major focus of the research on MS is the identification of biomarkers inbiologicalfluids, such as cerebrospinalfluid or blood, to guide patient management reliably. Because of the diffi-culties in obtaining spinalfluid samples and the necessity for lumbar puncture to make a diagnosis has reduced,the research of blood-based biomarkers may provide increasingly important tools for clinical practice. However,currently there are no clearly established MS blood-based biomarkers. The availability of reliable biomarkerscould radically alter the management of MS at critical phases of the disease spectrum, allowing for interventionstrategies that may prevent evolution to long-term neurological disability. This article provides an overview ofthis researchfield and focuses on recent advances in blood-based biomarker researc

MRI phenotypes with high neurodegeneration are associated with peripheral blood B-cell changes

Postprint (author's final draft

Konsensusprotokoll zur Standardisierung von Entnahme und Biobanking des Liquor cerebrospinalis

Die Erforschung von Biomarkern in Körperflüssigkeiten bei neurodegenerativen und neuroinflammatorischen Erkrankungen blickt auf eine langjährige Geschichte zurück. Dennoch werden nur wenige Liquor cerebrospinalis (Liquor)-Biomarker in der klinischen Praxis verwendet. Einer der problematischen Faktoren in der Liquorbiomarker-Forschung ist die eingeschränkte Aussagekraft von Studien aufgrund einer nicht ausreichend großer Anzahl von Proben, die in Studien von einzelnen Zentren akquiriert werden können. Deshalb ist die Kooperation zwischen mehreren Zentren erforderlich, um große Biobanken von definierten Proben zu etablieren. Standardisierte Protokolle für Biobanking sind unumgänglich, um die durch die größere Anzahl von Liquorproben gewonnene statistische Aussagekraft sicherzustellen und nicht durch mangelhafte Präanalytik einzuschränken. Hier wird ein Konsensusbericht über Leitlinien zu Liquorentnahme und Biobanking durch das BioMS-eu Netzwerk für Liquorbiomarker-Forschung in Multipler Sklerose präsentiert. Schwerpunkte des Berichts sind Liquorentnahme, präanalytische Faktoren und klinische sowie sonstige Informationen. Biobanking-Protokolle sind für Liquor-Biobanken im Rahmen der Erforschung jeder neurologischen Krankheit anwendba