Subconjunctival Injection of XG-102, a c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Inhibitor Peptide, in the Treatment of Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis in Rats.

Abstract Purpose: XG-102, a TAT-coupled dextrogyre peptide inhibiting the c-Jun N-terminal kinase, was shown efficient in the treatment of experimental uveitis. Preclinical studies are now performed to determine optimal XG-102 dose and route of administration in endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats with the purpose of clinical study design. METHODS: EIU was induced in Lewis rats by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) injection. XG-102 was administered at the time of LPS challenge by intravenous (IV; 3.2, 35 or 355 μg/injection), intravitreal (IVT; 0.08, 0.2 or 2.2 μg/eye), or subconjunctival (SCJ; 0.2, 1.8 or 22 μg/eye) routes. Controls received either the vehicle (saline) or dexamethasone phosphate injections. Efficacy was assessed by clinical scoring, infiltrating cells count, and expression of inflammatory mediators [inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1)]. The effect of XG-102 on phosphorylation of c-Jun was evaluated by Western blot. RESULTS: XG-102 demonstrated a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect in EIU after IV and SCJ administrations. Respective doses of 35 and 1.8 μg were efficient as compared with the vehicle-injected controls, but only the highest doses, respectively 355 and 22 μg, were as efficient as dexamethasone phosphate. After IVT injections, the anti-inflammatory effect of XG-102 was clinically evaluated similar to the corticoid's effect with all the tested doses. Regardless of the administration route, the lowest efficient doses of XG-102 significantly decreased the ration of phospho c-Jun/total c-Jun, reduced cells infiltration in the treated eyes, and significantly downregulated iNOS and CINC-1 expression in the retina. CONCLUSION: These results confirm that XG-102 peptide has potential for treating intraocular inflammation. SCJ injection appears as a good compromise to provide a therapeutic effect while limiting side effects

Rapport IV. 3 Facteurs énergétiques et économiques dans le choix des réfrigérants industriels

Cooling tower choice for energy and cost savings. An atmospheric cooler requires for operation first-class energy and rejects lower one in the atmosphere. Some tricks recommended to industrial users to take advantage of the right selection which gives the best efficiency for minimum first cost and operating cost.Un réfrigérant atmosphérique consomme de l'énergie noble pour dissiper dans l'atmosphère de l'énergie dégradée ... Quelques recettes à l'usage de l'industrie pour bénéficier dans son choix de la meilleure efficacité pour un moindre coût d'investissement et d'exploitation.Combette M. Rapport IV. 3 Facteurs énergétiques et économiques dans le choix des réfrigérants industriels. In: Rejets de chaleur à l'atmosphère. Gestion des calories et hydraulique associée. Compte-rendu des XVIes journées de l'hydraulique. Paris, 16-18 septembre 1980. Tome 2, 1980

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