Amboseli entre compétition politique et protection de la faune

NoLe Parc National d’Amboseli, situé dans le District de Olkejuado (sud Kenya), est depuis 2005 l’objet d’une controversesur son statut qui met en lumière un certain nombre d’enjeux politiques liés à son existence. A la fois réserve naturelleet ressource politique, le cas d’Amboseli démontre la dépendance des mesures de protection de la faune au jeu politiquelocal et national

KernTune: Self-tuning Linux kernel performance using support vector machines

Self-tuning has been an elusive goal for operating systems and is becoming a pressing issue for modern operating systems. Well-trained system administrators are able to tune an operating system to achieve better system performance for a specific system class. Unfortunately, the system class can change when the running applications change. Our model for self-tuning operating system is based on a monitor-classify-adjust loop. The idea of this loop is to continuously monitor certain performance metrics, and whenever these change, the system determines the new system class and dynamically adjusts tuning parameters for this new class. This paper describes KernTune, a prototype tool that identifies the system class and improves system performance automatically. A key aspect of KernTune is the notion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) oriented performance tuning. It uses a support vector machine (SVM) to identify the system class, and tunes the operating system for that specific system class. This paper presents design and implementation details for KernTune. It shows how KernTune identifies a system class and tunes the operating system for improved performance

Assessment of a Wearable Force- and Electromyography Device and Comparison of the Related Signals for Myocontrol

In the frame of assistive robotics, multi-finger prosthetic hand/wrists have recently appeared,offering an increasing level of dexterity; however, in practice their control is limited to a few handgrips and still unreliable, with the effect that pattern recognition has not yet appeared in the clinicalenvironment. According to the scientific community, one of the keys to improve the situation ismulti-modal sensing, i.e., using diverse sensor modalities to interpret the subject’s intent andimprove the reliability and safety of the control system in daily life activities. In this work, wefirst describe and test a novel wireless, wearable force- and electromyography device; throughan experiment conducted on ten intact subjects, we then compare the obtained signals bothqualitatively and quantitatively, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Our resultsindicate that force-myography yields signals which are more stable across time during whenevera pattern is held, than those obtained by electromyography. We speculate that fusion of the twomodalities might be advantageous to improve the reliability of myocontrol in the near future

La vitrification en une seule étape d’embryons murins définit de nouveaux standards de cryopréservation

La cryopréservation d’embryons est un des outils les plus efficaces, économiques et utiles au niveau éthique pour préserver indéfiniment la génétique des animaux de laboratoire. Les bénéfices liés à son utilisation sont nombreux, et incluent la réduction des coûts associés à la pérennisation de lignées, la limitation de l’apparition et de la dissémination de mutations non voulues, la facilité et la sécurité pour les transferts internationaux, et la réduction du nombre d’animaux à élever en captivité. La vitrification a été démontrée comme étant plus efficace que la congélation lente en procréation médicalement assistée humaine, où elle constitue maintenant la méthode de référence. Il en va de même pour la cryopréservation des embryons de souris, où la vitrification préserve mieux l’intégrité de la chromatine, réduit la pénétration intracytoplasmique d’agents cryoprotecteurs potentiellement toxiques, et in fine permet une meilleure survie et un meilleur développement après réchauffement que la congélation lente. Cependant, pour être efficaces, les méthodes actuelles de vitrification nécessitent plusieurs étapes d’exposition des embryons à des solutions spécifiques avant le refroidissement, mais aussi au cours de leur réchauffement ultérieur. Cette relative complexité peut s’avérer difficile à gérer de manière optimale quand un grand nombre d’embryons doivent être traités au cours d’une même session. Nous avons développé et breveté une technologie de vitrification d’embryons en une étape (« one-step ») qui est aussi efficace que les meilleures méthodes de vitrification multi-étapes. De plus, nos milieux sont chimiquement définis (sans sérum ou autre composant biologique non défini), et des supports permettant la vitrification aseptique peuvent être utilisés sans perte de rendement. Notre technologie de vitrification one-step d’embryons de rongeurs répond ainsi aux problèmes d’ergonomie liés aux méthodes classiques de vitrification, et fournit ainsi aux scientifiques une solution efficace, biologiquement sûre et facile à utiliser pour la cryopréservation d’embryons de rongeurs. Elle rend ainsi l’efficacité de la vitrification plus aisément applicable aux rongeurs de laboratoire, contribuant ainsi à la réduction du nombre d’animaux nécessaires à la pérennisation et à la diffusion de lignées ou de colonies utiles.Vitricell: développement et valorisation de kits de vitrification de cellules en conditions aseptiques et chimiquement définie

Dietary studies in birds: testing a non-invasive method using digital photography in seabirds

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via the DOI in this record.© 2016 The Authors. Methods in Ecology and Evolution © 2016 British Ecological Society Dietary studies give vital insights into foraging behaviour, with implications for understanding changing environmental conditions and the anthropogenic impacts on natural resources. Traditional diet sampling methods may be invasive or subject to biases, so developing non-invasive and unbiased methods applicable to a diversity of species is essential. We used digital photography to investigate the diet fed to chicks of a prey-carrying seabird and compared our approach (photo-sampling) to a traditional method (regurgitations) for the greater crested tern Thalasseus bergii. Over three breeding seasons, we identified > 24 000 prey items of at least 48 different species, more than doubling the known diversity of prey taken by this population of terns. We present a method to estimate the length of the main prey species (anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus) from photographs, with an accuracy < 1 mm and precision ~ 0·5 mm. Compared to regurgitations at two colonies, photo-sampling produced similar estimates of prey composition and size, at a faster species accumulation rate. The prey compositions collected by two researchers photo-sampling concurrently were also similar. Photo-sampling offers a non-invasive tool to accurately and efficiently investigate the diet composition and prey size of prey-carrying birds. It reduces biases associated with observer-based studies and is simple to use. This methodology provides a novel tool to aid conservation and management decision-making in the light of the growing need to assess environmental and anthropogenic change in natural ecosystems.Department of Science and Technology-Centre of Excellence Gran

Batch enrichment of anammox bacteria and study of the underlying microbial community dynamics

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) consists on the biological conversion of ammonium (NH4+) into dinitrogen gas under absence of oxygen. Nitrite (NO2-) is a substrate of the anammox reaction, but also an inhibitor at high concentrations. This study investigates the effect of nitrite on the microbial community during the batch enrichment of anammox sludge. Six inoculums collected from different environments were enriched after a conditioning pretreatment and under controlled conditions during 4 months. Concerning the mineral medium used, two different nitrite supply strategies were applied; i.e., (i) initially low concentration at 25 mg NO2-–N/L and progressive increase to 150 mg NO2-–N/L, and (ii) constant high concentration at 150 mg NO2-–N/L. All tested inoculums developed anammox activity but only when the enrichment was started at low nitrite concentration. In such case, the specific ammonium conversion rates finally obtained ranged from 21 ±1 to 118 ±1 mg NH4+–N/g VS/d (VS, volatile solids). Abundance of the functional gene encoding for the enzyme hydrazine oxidoreductase (hzo) was assessed using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) showing positive correlation with the anammox activity finally reported. In addition, high-throughput DNA sequencing helped to elucidate the underlying microbial community dynamics. The raw inoculum source, the conditioning pretreatment, and the cultivation conditions applied were jointly determinants of the final microbial community structure of the enrichments despite a clear convergence at the end of the experimental period. On the other hand, the cultivation conditions alone determined the selection of anammox species belonging to the genus Candidatus Brocadia.Postprint (updated version

Origin of compositional differences in organic matter abundance and oil potential of cherty and clayey Cenomanian black levels in the Umbria-Marche basin (Italy).

International audienceRock-Eval pyrolysis of a large set of Cenomanian samples, collected from the black levels (clayey, cherty and mixed) in three sections of the Umbria-Marche basin, showed large differences in organic matter (OM) quantity and quality. The chert samples systematically exhibit much lower TOC contents, markedly lower HI and higher OI. This reflects the extensive oxidative destruction of the initial kerogen that occurred upon the chertification of some clayey sediments. A comparative study, by a combination of microscopic, spectroscopic and pyrolytic methods, was performed on kerogens of the chert and clay layers of a representative mixed level. The various fractions of the initial kerogen underwent differential destruction or alteration during chertification, resulting in (i) relative enrichments of microfossils and woody debris although lignin was altered by demethoxylation and (ii) extensive destruction of the amorphous fraction while it remained predominant. The amorphous fraction retained in the chert kerogen showed large changes in composition related to oxygen incorporation and probably escaped complete destruction owing to oxidative reticulation. The above features account for the pronounced systematic differences in OM abundance and oil potential between the chert and clay layers in the black levels