Are plants useful as accumulation indicators of metal bioavailability?

International audienceThe use of accumulation bioindicator to assess metal bioavailability has mainly concerned individual species. This work addresses this issue at the plant community level. Metal content within different species from plant communities found at three contaminated and one uncontaminated site was compared. Results showed that for two contaminated sites, leaf metals concentrations were comparable to those in plants from control site, i.e. approx (mg/kg) 0.1 Cd, 0.2 Cr, 9.2 Cu, 1.8 Ni, 0.5 Pb and 42 Zn. Only plants from the third site showed higher metal contents, ranging from 1.5- to 8-fold those of the control community. This contrasted with ammonium acetate-EDTA extractions, which indicated a very high "availability" of metals at the three sites, as compared to the control site. Thus, metal content in plant communities provided accurate information on actual transfer toward the ensemble of vegetation, which could be used to establish site-specific "fingerprints" of metal bioavailability

Tensions entre socialisme et communisme en Bourbonnais (1945-2002)

RésuméDepuis 1945, la gauche est prépondérante dans le conseil général et la circonscription la plus rurale de l’Allier. Les rapports entre socialistes et communistes sont étroitement dépendants des forces respectives des deux partis et oscillent entre concurrence et partenariat. Pour parvenir à une position de suprématie, élus et militants font appel à l’Histoire comme légitimation. Ils usent aussi de méthodes plus pratiques, tel l’investissement dans le syndicalisme agricole, modalité d’implantation privilégiée dans l’Allier. Cet article présente les références, la sociologie et les relais des deux mouvements. Il envisage l’évolution de la gauche par rapport aux mutations économiques et sociales, et face à une droite renouvelée durant les dernières décennies du xxe siècle.AbstractSince 1945, the left has held a preponderant position on the board of supervisors in Allier department, France, and in its most rural district. Wavering between competition and partnership, the relations between Socialists and Communists closely depend on the strength of their respective parties. To outdistance each other, elected officials and activists appeal to History for legitimacy. They also use more practical methods, such as involvement in farmers, unions, which have given them roots in the department. This sociological study of these two movements also presents their points of references and support. The evolution of the left is seen in relation to economic and social changes, and with respect to a right-wing revival during the last decades of the 20th century

Genome scan to assess the respective role of host-plant and environmental constraints on the adaptation of a widespread insect

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The evolutionary success of phytophagous insects could result from their adaptation to different host-plants. Alternatively, the diversification of widespread species might be driven by adaptation along environmental gradients. To disentangle the respective roles of host-plant versus abiotic environmental variables acting on the genome of an oligophagous insect, we performed a genome scan using 83 unlinked AFLP markers on larvae of the large pine weevil collected on two host-plants (pine and spruce) in four forestry regions across Europe.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>At this large geographic scale, the global genetic differentiation was low and there was no isolation by distance pattern, suggesting that migration is overwhelming genetic drift in this species. In this context, the widely used frequentist methods to detect outliers (e.g. Dfdist), which assume migration - drift equilibrium are not the most appropriate approach. The implementation of a recently developed Bayesian approach, conceived to detect outliers even in non-equilibrium situations, consistently detected 9 out of 83 loci as outliers. Eight of these were validated as outliers by multiple logistic regressions: six correlated with environmental variables, one with host-plant and one with the interaction between environmental variables and host-plant.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results suggest a relatively greater importance of abiotic environmental variables, as opposed to factors linked with the host-plant, in shaping genetic differentiation across the genome in this species. Logistic regression allows the nature of factors involved in locus-specific selection to be precisely identified and represents another step forward in the process of identifying adaptive loci.</p

« On va t’apprendre à faire des affaires… »

La photographie, considérée à la fois comme pratique, usage, objet d’échange matériel et symbolique, don et contre-don, moyen de valorisation personnelle, occupe ici une place centrale et déterminante dans les rapports que l’anthropologue entretient avec son terrain. Du fait de ses pratiques photographiques, celle-ci se trouve investie par des femmes juives d’origine tunisienne (clientes régulières de cafés bellevillois, à Paris) de rôles divers et variés qui lui permettent de mieux comprendre certains aspects des relations sociales propres à cette population : l’auto-mise-en-scène, le « mauvais oeil », les rivalités, la fonction de l’argent, les cérémonies religieuses, etc. L’enseignement des « clés d’une bonne affaire » – dans laquelle l’objet photo devient valeur marchande – vient confirmer la fonction médiatrice de la photographie sur ce terrain.Photography, considered at the same time a practice, a custom, a material and symbolic exchange article, a means of personal enhancement, occupies here a central and determining place in the relations that the anthropologist maintains with her field. On account of her photographic practices, the photographer finds herself invested, by Jewish women of Tunisian origine (regular customers of Bellevillois cafés in Paris), with diverse and varied roles which allow her to understand better certain aspects of the social relations characteristic of this population: self mise en scène, the « evil eye », the rivalries, the function of money, the religious ceremonies etc. The teaching of the « keys to a good deal » – in which the photograph as an object becomes a market value – confirms the mediatory function of photography in this field

Charles de Freycinet entre la République et l’armée

En 1923, lorsque meurt Charles de Freycinet, âgé de 95 ans, la presse française rend hommage à cet homme orchestre de la iiie République, qui fut président du Conseil à plusieurs reprises. Les journalistes évoquent assez peu l’ingénieur et le scientifique (auteur d’une dizaine d’ouvrages concernant l’assainissement, la mécanique et jusqu’aux planètes) et insistent essentiellement sur deux points : le ministre et chef du gouvernement républicain et le patriote qui exerça des fonctions de comma..

Les dernières indépendances des colonies françaises: les Comores et Djibouti (1962-1980)

After the independence of Algeria in 1962, separatist movements in French colonies emerged, especially in the Comoros and Djibouti. The countries respectively achieved independence in 1975 and 1977. During the 1960s and 1970s, the French government abandoned its repressive policy and sought to help the territories attain independence. However, the whole process never came to an end in the Comoros islands, since Mayotte forwent independence, despite the various condemnations from international authorities. Mayotte retained its link with France thanks to the enthusiasm of the former supporters of French Algeria. In Djibouti, violence brought about violence. The executive power strongly repressed demonstrations, but it also had to face the violence of some separatists, who took hostages to make their voice heard. France finally left the territory but maintained an important military base in the country. This paper aims at examining these events. It also questions the divided reactions of the French political forces. The left parties quite unanimously denounced electoral fraud and supported independence, whereas Gaullists and liberals wavered over the attitude -intransigence or flexibility- to adopt

Introduction : Jacques Bardoux, intellectuel et homme politique

Consacré à Jacques Bardoux, le dossier de la présente livraison de Siècles s’inscrit dans le prolongement d’une réflexion collective initiée dans le cadre du CHEC et plus spécifiquement de ses chantiers de recherche relevant de l’axe 1 sur « L’opposition dans la Cité » puis « Critique du pouvoir, pouvoir de la critique ». Il a été en partie préparé dans le cadre d’une journée d’échanges qui s’est tenue voici plusieurs années à la MSH de Clermont-Ferrand et permet de valoriser l’existence aux..

“A função mediadora da imagem fotográfica!”

Este artigo trata de pesquisa de antropologia visual desenvolvida entre imigrantes tunisianas em Paris e também em Marrocos. As fotografias tomadas sâo negociadas com as interlocutoras e revelam sobre seus hábitos culturais, sociabilidades cotidianas. Reflito sobre o a fotografia como instrumento metodológico para o exercicio etnográfico. Palavras chave: Fotografia.Antropologia visual. Etnografia. França. Marrocos.   The mediating role of the photographic image   Abstract  This article deals with research of visual anthropology developed between Tunisian immigrants in Paris and also in Morocco. The photos taken are negotiated with the interlocutors and reveal about their cultural habits, everyday sociability. I reflect on the the picture as a methodological tool for ethnographic exercise. Keywords: Photography. Visual anthropology. Ethnography. France. Morocco

La fotografía como puesta en escena de los cafés de un barrio popular de París

The cafes of a working-class district of Paris, the Belleville district, were the subject of scientific research in socio-photography on the social function of these establishments and the staging of the various actors in the place. Various customers, whether passing through or regulars, French or foreigners or from an immigrant background, the “patrons” of the cafés develop collective or individual social practices that photography helps to memorise and show in a sensitive manner. What is a “good” photograph in sociology? Some elements of an answer are given here, based on the principle that the image is the matrix of a social relationship. The photographs of these cafés were in fact taken as a function of the relationship experienced with the subjects photographed.El siguiente artículo trata de una investigación sociológica y fotográfica de varios cafés situados en un barrio popular de Paris: Belleville. Muchos de ellos de origen antiguo, y en los que se desarrolla una importante función social. Un aspecto esencial será analizar la escenografía o las “puestas en escena” de sus diferentes actores ante el objetivo de la cámara fotográfica. Destacará los patrones y los consumidores habituales o esporádicos, ya sean franceses o extranjeros. La fotografía nos permite ver y memorizar esos comportamientos colectivos o individuales, inducidos por ella. ¿Qué es una «buena foto» para la sociología? El texto trata de responder a esa pregunta: la foto es la matriz de una relación social sin la cual no existiría