THE FIRM’S PATRIMONY – AN INTERNATIONAL APPROACH

This article is meant to reinterpret the balance equation of the Patrimony. Any book about the Foundations of Accountancy presents in the chapter “The Object of Accountancyâ€, the patrimonial equation mentioned above. We state the following affirmation: in the accountancy of a firm, everything is thought over from the point of view of the respective firm. However, this small detail seems to have been overlooked by authors of accountancy manuals when they presented the equation mentioned above. And we observed that this small detail attracted a lot of confusion even among people with many years of experience in accountancy. This article will offer a new point of view regarding the concept of a firm’s Patrimony on an international approach.accountancy, patrimony, assets, liabilities, owner’s equity

NEW BORDERS OF VAT AFTER THE ACCESSION TO EU

The accession of Romania to EU involves the obligation to enforce the same rules as the other member states, VAT being a tax which must exist and which must not allow competition disturbance among the economic operators within different member states, as well as non-taxation or double taxation of the same operation in two different member states. The harmonization of VAT within EU has been done gradually. The value added tax (VAT) was established in the Economic European Community in 1970 by means of two “VAT Directives”. Representing the indirect tax with the highest weight in the GDP (Gross Domestic Product), the European Union has established an obligation according to which the member states contribute with a share of the cashed VAT to the EU budget.EU, VAT, accession

Relevance of coordinate and particle-number scaling in density functional theory

We discuss a $\beta$-dependent family of electronic density scalings of the form $n_\lambda(\R)=\lambda^{3\beta+1}\; n(\lambda^\beta \R)$ in the context of density functional theory. In particular, we consider the following special cases: the Thomas-Fermi scaling ($\beta=1/3$ and $\lambda \gg 1$), which is crucial for the semiclassical theory of neutral atoms; the uniform-electron-gas scaling ($\beta=-1/3$ and $\lambda\gg 1$), that is important in the semiclassical theory of metallic clusters; the homogeneous density scaling ($\beta=0$) which can be related to the self-interaction problem in density functional theory when $\lambda \leq 1$; the fractional scaling ($\beta=1$ and $\lambda\leq 1$), that is important for atom and molecule fragmentation; and the strong-correlation scaling ($\beta=-1$ and $\lambda \gg 1$) that is important to describe the strong correlation limit. The results of our work provide evidence for the importance of this family of scalings in semiclassical and quantum theory of electronic systems, and indicate that these scaling properties must be considered as important constraints in the construction of new approximate density functionals. We also show, using the uniform-electron-gas scaling, that the curvature energy of metallic clusters is related to the second-order gradient expansion of kinetic and exchange-correlation energies.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication on PR

ELECTRONIC BUSINESS IN BUSINESS

The management of a business in the digital economy is based on a management process called digital management. Business in the digital economy integrates information technologies and communications within its activities and may be partially or totally electronic. Management of the business is carried out using information systems that support for the substantiation and decisions. Business electronic involve a complete change in how the customer is viewed in relation to the organization; requirements "e-customer" are larger and increasingly sophisticated, and the organization must be able to offer services of a quality that in the largest communities of a multinational partners and customers.management, business, IT & C, Internet, electronic

Accounting practices regarding merchandise imports on one’s own account, on short-term credit

The paper presents in the first part theoretical aspects regarding merchandise imports on one’s own account, on short term trade credit. In the second part it approaches a practical application of accounts related to merchandise imports on one’s own account, on short term trade credit. Foreign Trade Companies’ merchandise imports, as an indirect form of organizing foreign trade, contains the sum of operations by which merchandise necessary to the national economy is bought for production or individual consumption. Just like exporting, importing can be done by foreign trade companies on their own account, or on commission. In indirect importing, on foreign trade companies’ own account, the abovementioned act on foreign markets and onward on the internal market, in their own name, on their own account, and at their own risk. Thus, the financial results of the import activity are reflected, in full, in the administration of the importing foreign trade company. Merchandise imports bought on credit, i.e. imports for which payment is made at a particular date, is determined by the shortage of financial resources of the importer. It is common practice both for simple and complex merchandise, however, generally complex merchandise is more frequently the subject of on credit acquisitions.import, merchandise, accounting, credit.

Dimensional crossover of the exchange-correlation energy at the semilocal level

Commonly used semilocal density functional approximations for the exchange-correlation energy fail badly when the true two dimensional limit is approached. We show, using a quasi-two-dimensional uniform electron gas in the infinite barrier model, that the semilocal level can correctly recover the exchange-correlation energy of the two-dimensional uniform electron gas. We derive new exact constraints at the semilocal level for the dimensional crossover of the exchange-correlation energy and we propose a method to incorporate them in any exchange-correlation density functional approximation.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

High-Level Correlated Approach to the Jellium Surface Energy, Without Uniform-Electron-Gas Input

We resolve the long-standing controversy over the surface energy of simple metals: Density functional methods that require uniform-electron-gas input agree with each other at many levels of sophistication, but not with high-level correlated calculations like Fermi Hypernetted Chain and Diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) that predict the uniform-gas correlation energy. Here we apply a very high-level correlated approach, the inhomogeneous Singwi-Tosi-Land-Sj\"olander (ISTLS) method, and find that the density functionals are indeed reliable (because the surface energy is "bulk-like"). ISTLS values are close to recently-revised DMC values. Our work also vindicates the previously-disputed use of uniform-gas-based nonlocal kernels in time-dependent density functional theory.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur

INTERNAL CONTROL MECHANISMS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CHALENGE FINANCIAL CRISIS

Prevention and earlier detection of fraudulent financial reporting must start with the entity that prepares financial reports. Thus the first focus of the Sarbannes-Oxley Actâ€(tm)s recommendations is the public company. These recommendations, taken together, will improve a company's overall financial reporting process and increase the likelihood of preventing fraudulent financial reporting and detecting it earlier when it occurs. For some companies, implementing these recommendations will require little or even no change from current practices; for other companies, it will mean adding or improving a recommended practice. Whether it means adding or improving a practice, the benefits justify the costs. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act is a direct response to the recent scandals in the US corporate world. Governance, compliance, risks and internal controls are mounting concerns for almost all organizations. As the numbers of rules, regulations and contractual obligations steadily rise, management is growing more and more concerned about their exposure on day-to-day operational decisions!fraud, internal control, COSO, risks based audit

Optical spectra of solids obtained by time-dependent density-functional theory with the jellium-with-gap model exchange-correlation kernel

Within the framework of ab initio time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT), we propose a static approximation to the exchange-correlation kernel based on the jellium-with-gap model. This kernel accounts for electron-hole interactions and it is able to address both strongly bound excitons and weak excitonic effects. TD-DFT absorption spectra of several bulk materials (both semiconductor and insulators) are reproduced in very good agreement with the experiments and with a low computational cost.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl