Le décor baroque des églises du Labourd

Prosiguiendo los trabajos iniciados sobre el decorado de las iglesias vascas de Iparralde, el estudio de tres sagrarios de Lapurdi conduce a preguntarse sobre el origen de los modelos. El sagrario de Halsou, el de Esnazu (encargado para la antigua iglesia de Larressore) y el de Itxassou, presentan semejanzas que podrían sugerir la existencia de una comunidad de espíritu, e incluso de ejecución. La presencia de cuatro paneles historiados, esculpidos en bajorrelieve, a un lado y otro de la reserva eucarística, pone en aplicación de manera original las consignas episcopales de la Contrarreforma. Por otro lado, un motivo de nubes y de angelotes alados, esculpidos en relieve en el panel central del retablo, recalca el tabernáculo y tiende a acentuar su importancia y su papel estratégico en el conjunto del decorado. Las comparaciones con el sagrario de Ossès y con el de San Juan de Luz evidencian la singularidad de una formula.Euskal Herriko Iparraldeko elizen dekorazioari buruz hasitako lanari jarraiki, Lapurdiko hiru tabernakuloren azterketak ereduen jatorriaz galdetzera eraman gaitu. Haltsuko tabernakuloak, Esnazukoak (Larresoroko antzinako elizarako eginarazia) eta Itsasukoak zenbait antzekotasun ageri dituzte elkarren artean, izpirituzko edo egitezko kidetasuna aditzera ematen dutenak. Bertako lau panel historiatuek, baxuerliebez zizelaturik alde bietatik, Kontrarreformaren apezpikuen aginduak era originalez ezartzeko saioa moldatzen dute. Izan ere, Orzaizeko eta Donibane-Lohizuneko tabernakuloekin alderatzeak formula baten originaltasuna nabarmenarazten du.Poursuivant les travaux amorcés sur le décor des églises basques d'Iparralde, l'étude de trois tabernacles du Labourd conduit à s¡interroger sur l'origine des modèles. Le tabernacle d'Halsou, celui d'Esnazu (commandé pour l'ancienne église de Larressore) et celui d'Itxassou, présentent des similitudes qui pourraient suggérer l'existence d'une communauté d'esprit sinon d'exécution. La présence de quatre panneaux historiés, sculptés en bas-relief, de part et d'autre de la réserve eucharistique, met en application de manière originale les consignes épiscopales de la Contre Réforme. Par ailleurs, un motif de nuées et d'angelots ailés, sculpté en relief sur le panneau central du retable, souligne le tabernacle et tend à accentuer son importance et son rôle stratégique dans l'ensemble du décor. Un rapprochement avec le tabernacle d'Ossès et avec celui de Saint-Jean-de-Luz met en évidence l'originalité d'une formule.As a continuation of the work on the decoration of Basque churches in Iparralde, the study of three sacraria of Lapurdi makes us wonder about the origin of the models. The sacrarium of Halsou, the one at Esnazu (commissioned for the former church of Larressore) and that of Itxassou, have similarities that suggest the existence of a common spirit, and even of execution by the same craftsman. The presence of four bas-relief story panels, on one side and the other of the Eucharistic reserve, applies, in an original way, the Episcopal axioms of the Counter Reform. On the other hand, a clouds-and-winged-angels motif, sculpted on the central panel of the altarpiece, emphasises the tabernacle and tends to stress its importance and strategic role within the whole of the decoration. The comparisons with the sacrarium of Ossès and with that of San Juan de Luz clearly show the singularity of the formula

The improvement of the sanitation services in Moshi (Tanzania)

Tanzania has created, since the mid-90s, an original institutional framework for water and sanitation management made of a mix of decentralized initiative and public control. This article presents this framework and its functioning on sanitation issues in the town of Moshi, a medium-sized town located on the south slopes of the Kilimanjaro Mountain. Findings are coming from a pluridisciplinary franco-tanzanian research program dedicated to these issues in 2002 and 2003. The objective of this work was to identify - through a regulation analysis of the sector and an analysis of households' needs and demand - the stakeholders of the sector and to study their behaviours and their interactions. Using the output of this program first trends of policies were elaborated during a workshop held in November 2003 with all the main stakeholders who could exchange their different perceptions of the problems and their ideas to solve them.Sanitation, public policy, willingness to pay, demand, household survey

Oxygen reduction in acid media: influence of the activity of CoNPc(1,2) bilayer deposits in relation to their attachment to the carbon black support and role of surface groups as a function of heat treatment

O2 reduction was investigated using rotating disk electrode and voltammetry techniques on NPcCo(1,2) impregnations deposited onto two kinds of carbon black support. They were selected on the basis of their similar pH and dibuthylphthalate (DBP) adsorption values. Samples were also characterized by IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. An optimized thermal treatment yielded an improvement in the O2 reducibility and identical activities (with N = 3.8) on both supports. These spectroscopic methods revealed a bilayer structure and suggested the presence of two sorts of site (active and inactive) which differed in their attachment of the substrate via surface groups which were characterized

La petición en Francia en el siglo XVIII y las peticiones modernas: aprendiendo de una conexión histórica incongruente.

Un resultado sorprendente aparece cuando se compara la manera en que uno de los primeros usos en Francia del peticionismo moderno fue recibido (la petición Guillotin, en 1788) con la recepción de peticiones más recientes (fines del siglo XX). Se expresa el mismo tipo de argumento en contra de los peticionarios en cada uno de estos casos. Todos recurren a los mismos repertorios lexicológicos: "cognitivo", "intencional", "representativo" y a un repertorio de "principios". Esta incongruente conexión histórica es heurística de dos maneras: por un lado, resalta algunas de las características formales de las peticiones, como la contractual, demostrando su vulnerabilidad multidimensional a la crítica. Por otro, se confirma la disponibilidad relativa de los diferentes repertorios de acuerdo a la configuración "peticionaria". Este artículo pretende demostrar en la práctica cómo un desvío, a través de la historia, puede ser fructífero en la investigación sobre el presente  

Oxygen reduction in acid media: influence of the heat treatment on the FeNPc(1–20 isomer mixture impregnated on carbon blacks and active charcoals

Oxygen reduction with the aid of a number of FeNPc(1–2) impregnated carbon supports in sulphuric acid solutions has been investigated.\ud \ud Loading of the carbon samples amounted to about 10 wt.%. After a 10 day stay in the aerated solutions the samples were investigated with rotating disk electrode and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. The most active and stable samples correspond to mono- or submonolayers of FeNPc deposited on high dibutylphthalate adsorption carbon blacks. Comparison with data obtained previously on Norit BrX impregnations emphasizes the rôle of the electron density on the inner nitrogen atoms rather than that on the iron centres

The improvement of the sanitation services in Moshi (Tanzania). Demand Analysis and Sector Regulation

Following an invitation to tender of the French Foreign Office on research on management of urban waste-water in developing countries, a consortium of institutions from France and Tanzania has been created in 2000. The proposition of the consortium has been accepted; it included a research project on the improvement of the sanitation services in Moshi (Tanzania). This research, presented in this document, was divided into two parts: the first one was the analysis of the households' demand; the second one was about the sector regulation.Sanitation, Regulation, Tanzania, Willingness to pay, Demand,

Oxygen reduction in acid media on supported iron naphthalocyanine: Effect of isomer configuration and pyrolysis

O2 reduction in H2SO4 medium has been investigated on FeNPc impregnations on Norit BrX by the rotating disk electrode technique. Important differences in activity and stability were found between the 1,2- and 2,3-FeNPc isomers (pyrolysed or not). XPS analyses show, for the most inactive sample, strong demetallation and nitrogen losses. This phenomenon can be attributed to the differences in flexibility between the FeNPc isomers, which influences their stabilization on the substrate

Des économies et des Etats en Afrique francophone : pour comprendre l'interventionnisme

Les Etats ne sont plus en odeur de sainteté. Accusés d'être les fauteurs de troubles financiers et les agents principaux de la crise économique et sociale africaine des années quatre-vingt, ils voient leur rôle, en principe, réduit par les programmes d'ajustement structurel et par les politiques de libéralisation menées depuis une dizaine d'années. L'analyse économique de l'interventionnisme, élargie à la sociologie et à l'histoire, met en évidence les nombreux déterminants de la montée en puissance des Etats, les multiples intérêts qu'ils servaient et l'ampleur des fonctions dont on les avaient investis; par là, elle suggère une appréciation moins négative et plus nuancée de leur action et elle permet de comprendre les échecs évidents et les limites patentes des ajustements et des privatisations en cours. (Résumé d'auteur

Oxygen reduction in acid media: effect of iron substitution by cobalt on heat-treated naphthalocyanine impregnations supported on preselected carbon blacks

FeNPc(1.2) impregnations were investigated at various loadings using a rotating-disk electrode, voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Optimal activity takes place at monolayer coverage, and major demetallation occurs after prolonged exposure to acid solution. The substitution of Fe by Co enables the electrochemical performances to reach those presented by 10% Pt on Vulcan and stops the demetallation process. The application of fast atomic bombardment secondary ion mass spectrometry (FABS) together with XPS sheds light on the detrimental role of some electrophilic groups attached to the carbon black-catalyst interface