Salt Lake City, Utah Profile of Drug Indicators

The following profile contains information on demographics, political figures, funding, programs, crime, drug use, drug trafficking, and enforcement statistics

Final report

"This report contains the results of the first consensus process to establish a national strategy for controlling the number one killer of American farm family members and farm workers: tractor-related injuries. A very rigorous and formalized process was used to achieve consensus from a broad range of stakeholders. The report is in three parts: 1. Consensus Process: Results of a consensus process of 40 individuals, representing a broad range of stakeholders of this issue. 2. Action Plan: A guiding document for public and private organizations to carry out the recommendations of the consensus process. 3. Model Legislation: A guide for federal and state governments to assist them in carrying out the intent of the consensus recommendations" - NIOSHTIC-2Conference sponsored by National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health, Centers for Disease Control, Iowa Injury Prevention Research Center, Iowa's Center for Agricultural Safety and Health, the Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health.Conference held September 10-12, 1997 at the University of Iowa.Publication date from publisher press release

Dietary assessment in minority ethnic groups: A systematic review of portion size estimation instruments relevant for the UK

This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Nutrition Reviews following peer review. The version of record Almiron-Roig, E., Galloway, C., Aitken, A. & Ellahi., B. (2016). Dietary assessment in minority ethnic groups: A systematic review of portion size estimation instruments relevant for the UK. Nutrition Reviews, 75(3), 188-213. DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw058 is available online at: https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/nutrit/nuw058Context: Dietary assessment in minority ethnic groups is critical for surveillance programmes and for implementing effective interventions. A major challenge is the accurate estimation of portion sizes for traditional foods/dishes. Objective: To systematically review published records up to 2014 describing a portion size estimation element (PSEE) applicable to dietary assessment of UK-residing ethnic minorities. Data sources, selection, extraction: Electronic databases, internet sites, and theses repositories were searched generating 5683 titles from which 57 eligible full-text records were reviewed. Data analysis: Forty-two publications aimed at minority ethnic groups (n=20) or autochthonous populations (n=22) were included. The most common PSEE (47%) were combination tools (e.g. food models and portion size lists); followed by portion size lists in questionnaires/guides (19%); image-based and volumetric tools (17% each). Only 17% PSEE had been validated against weighed data. Conclusions: When developing ethnic-specific dietary assessment tools it is important to consider customary portion sizes by sex and age; traditional household utensil usage and population literacy levels. Combining multiple PSEE may increase accuracy but such tools need validating

Effectiveness of influenza vaccine against laboratory-confirmed influenza, in the late 2011-2012 season in Spain, among population targeted for vaccination

Background: In Spain, the influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated in the last three seasons using the observational study cycEVA conducted in the frame of the existing Spanish Influenza Sentinel Surveillance System. The objective of the study was to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness (ILI) among the target groups for vaccination in Spain in the 2011-2012 season. We also studied influenza VE in the early (weeks 52/2011-7/2012) and late (weeks 8-14/2012) phases of the epidemic and according to time since vaccination. Methods: Medically attended patients with ILI were systematically swabbed to collect information on exposure, laboratory outcome and confounding factors. Patients belonging to target groups for vaccination and who were swabbed 4 months, respectively, since vaccination. A decrease in VE with time since vaccination was only observed in individuals aged ≥ 65 years. Regarding the phase of the season, decreasing point estimates were only observed in the early phase, whereas very low or null estimates were obtained in the late phase for the shortest time interval. Conclusions: The 2011-2012 influenza vaccine showed a low-to-moderate protective effect against medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza in the target groups for vaccination, in a late season and with a limited match between the vaccine and circulating strains. The suggested decrease in influenza VE with time since vaccination was mostly observed in the elderly population. The decreasing protective effect of the vaccine in the late part of the season could be related to waning vaccine protection because no viral changes were identified throughout the season

LEI

"CDC and the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) developed the Laboratory Efficiencies Initiative (LEI) to help public health labs across the country achieve long-term sustainability by adopting high-efficiency management practices through: Multi-state sharing of laboratory services and within-state reorganization of test services, Procurement discounts through joint purchasing, Generation of new revenue streams, Standardization of testing methods and platforms, 'Lean' assessments to identify operating system efficiencies and improve workflow management, Informatics strategies such as implementing interoperability across information systems, and Workforce development." - p.1The danger: fewer public health labs can diagnose threats rapidly -- Goal: achieve a sustainable national public health laboratory system through greater efficiency -- LEI strategy -- Selected examples of existing approaches to improving efficiency"May 10, 2012."Available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (308.19 KB, 2 p.)

Infectious diseases in children and adolescents in the Republic of Korea; Past & recent status

Compared to the past decades, in recent decades, environmental and hygienic conditions in the Republic of Korea have improved along with socioeconomic developments, and the incidence of most infectious diseases, especially vaccine-preventable diseases, has greatly decreased due to active immunization with the developed level of health care. However, the incidence of some diseases has been increasing, and new diseases have been emerging. To cope with such changes actively, the government put the "Law for Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases" into effect; this law was entirely revised on December 30, 2010. In this report, I review the past and recent status of infectious diseases in the Republic of Korea, following the introduction of this law, on the basis of data in the "National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System", which had been accumulated between the years 1960 and 2010

Cocaine in surface waters: a new evidence-based tool to monitor community drug abuse

BACKGROUND: Cocaine use seems to be increasing in some urban areas worldwide, but it is not straightforward to determine the real extent of this phenomenon. Trends in drug abuse are currently estimated indirectly, mainly by large-scale social, medical, and crime statistics that may be biased or too generic. We thus tested a more direct approach based on 'field' evidence of cocaine use by the general population. METHODS: Cocaine and its main urinary metabolite (benzoylecgonine, BE) were measured by mass spectrometry in water samples collected from the River Po and urban waste water treatment plants of medium-size Italian cities. Drug concentration, water flow rate, and population at each site were used to estimate local cocaine consumption. RESULTS: We showed that cocaine and BE are present, and measurable, in surface waters of populated areas. The largest Italian river, the Po, with a five-million people catchment basin, steadily carried the equivalent of about 4 kg cocaine per day. This would imply an average daily use of at least 27 ± 5 doses (100 mg each) for every 1000 young adults, an estimate that greatly exceeds official national figures. Data from waste water treatment plants serving medium-size Italian cities were consistent with this figure. CONCLUSION: This paper shows for the first time that an illicit drug, cocaine, is present in the aquatic environment, namely untreated urban waste water and a major river. We used environmental cocaine levels for estimating collective consumption of the drug, an approach with the unique potential ability to monitor local drug abuse trends in real time, while preserving the anonymity of individuals. The method tested here – in principle extendable to other drugs of abuse – might be further refined to become a standardized, objective tool for monitoring drug abuse